Научная деятельность	Инновационная деятельность	Издательская деятельность	КОНКУРСЫ	МИП «КСИ Геотехнологии»	Противодействие коррупции	поиск по сайту »
Образовательная деятельность	Структура института	Читинский филиал ИГД СО РАН	Профсоюз	Центр дополнительного профессионального образования

ИГД » Издательская деятельность » Журнал «Физико-технические проблемы… » Номера журнала » Номера журнала за 2021 год » JMS, Vol. 57, No. 6, 2021

JMS, Vol. 57, No. 6, 2021

GEOMECHANICS

NUMERICAL MODELING OF ROCK BOLT SUPPORT IN CASE OF RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF ROCK MASS IN DEFORMATION
V. N. Zakharov*, V. A. Trofimov, and Yu. A. Filippov

Academician Melnikov Research Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources—IPKON,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 111020 Russia
*e-mail: asas_2001@mail.ru

The article presents a geomechanical model of a tunnel with rock bolt support. The numerical modeling is performed in ANSYS. The effect of the rock bolt support on the tunnel stability is analyzed with regard to the rheological properties of rocks. The loading and functioning of rock bolts are actualized owing to joint deformation of the rock bolts and enclosing rock mass during their interaction with each other and with the anchoring grouting. The authors discuss feasibility of loss of the load-bearing capacity by the rock bolts because of their fracture. The algorithm of timing of a rock bolt to keep functioning and damage localization is described.

Rock mass, rheological behavior in deformation, rock bolt support, numerical modeling, stress, tunnel

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060016

REFERENCES
1. Bobet, A. and Einstein, H.H., Tunnel Reinforcement with Rockbolts, Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol., 2011, vol. 26, pp. 100–23.
2. Stillborg, B., Professional Users Handbook for Rock Bolting, Trans. Tech. Publications, 1986.
3. Vlachopoulos, N., Cruz, D., Tatone, B. S. A., and Lisjak, A., The Performance of Axially Loaded, Fully Grouted Rock Bolts Based on Pull-Out Experiments Utilizing Fiber Optics Technology and Associated Numerical Modeling of such Support Elements, Geotech. Geol. Eng., 2020, vol. 38, pp. 1389–1407.
4. Windsor, C.R., Rock Reinforcement Systems, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 1997, vol. 34, pp. 919–951.
5. Li, C., A review on the Performance of Conventional and Energy-Absorbing Rockbolts, J. Rock Mech. Geotechnical Eng., 2014, pp. 315–327.
6. Hoek, E., Kaiser, P.K., and Bawden, W.F., Support of Underground Excavations in Hard Rock, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1995.
7. Trofimov, V.A. and Filippov, Y.A., Contour Convergence Regularities for Openings in Coal, Saint Petersburg: APM Proceedings, 2020.
8. Lisjak, A., Young-Schultz, T., Li, B., Liqiang, H., Tatone, B., and Mahabadi, O., A Novel Rockbolt Formulation for a GPU-Accelerated, Finite-Discrete Element Method Code and Its Application to Underground Excavations, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2020, vol. 134. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104410.
9. Bieniawski, Z.T., Engineering Classification of Jointed Rock Masses, Trans. S. Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng., 1973, vol. 15, pp. 335–344.
10. Barton, N.R., Lien, R., and Lunde, J., Engineering Classification of Rock Masses for the Design of Tunnel Support, Rock Mech., 1974, vol. 6, pp. 189–236.
11. Lisjak, A., Tatone, B. S. A., Grasselli, G., and Vietor, T., Numerical Modeling of the Anisotropic Mechanical Behavior of Opalinus Clay at the Laboratory-Scale Using FEM/DEM, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 2014, vol. 47, pp. 187–206.
12. Forbes, B., Vlachopoulos, N., Diederichs, M.S., and Aubertin, J., Augmenting the In-Situ Rock Bolt Pull Test with Distributed Optical Fiber Strain Sensing, Int. J. Rock Mec. Min. Sci., 2020, vol. 126. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.104202.
13. Munjiza, A, Owen, D. R. J, and Bicanic, N., A Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method in Transient Dynamics of Fracturing Solids, Eng. Comput., 1995, vol. 12, pp. 145–174.
14. Elmo, D., Stead, D., Eberhardt, E., and Vyazmensky, A., Applications of Finite-Discrete Element Modeling to Rock Engineering Problems, Int. J. Geo. Mech., 2013, vol. 13, pp. 565–580.
15. Lisjak, A., Garitte, B., Grasselli, G., Muller, H.R, and Vietor, T., The Excavation of a Circular Tunnel in a Bedded Argillaceous Rock (Opalinus Clay): Short-Term Rock Mass Response and FDEM Numerical Analysis. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol., 2015, vol. 45, pp. 227–248.
16. Yan, C., Zheng, H., Sun, G., and Ge, X., Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method for Simulation of Hydraulic Fracturing, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 2015, vol. 49, pp. 1389–1410.
17. Profit, M., Dutko, M., Yu, J., Cole, S., Angus, D., and Baird, A., Complementary Hydro-Mechanical Coupled Finite-Discrete Element and Microseismic Modeling to Predict Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Tight Shale, Computational Particle Mech., 2016, vol. 3, pp. 229–248.
18. Lei, Q., Wang, X., Xiang, J., and Latham, J.P., Polyaxial Stress-Dependent Permeability of a Three-Dimensional Fractured Rock Layer, Hydrogeol. J., 2017, vol. 25, pp. 2251–2262.
19. Vazaios, I., Vlachopoulos, N., and Diederichs, M., The Mechanical Analysis and Interpretation of the EDZ Formation around Deep Tunnels within Massive Rockmasses Using a Hybrid Finite-Discrete Element Approach: The Case of the AECL URL Test Tunnel, Can. Geotech. J., 2018. DOI: 10.1139/cgj-2017–0578.
20. Li, X., Kim, E., and Walton, G., A Study of Rock Pillar Behaviors in Laboratory and In-Situ Scales Using Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method Models, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2019, vol. 118, pp. 21–32.
21. Kargar, A.R., An Analytical Solution for Circular Tunnels Excavated in Rock Masses Exhibiting Viscous Elastic-Plastic Behavior, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2019, vol. 124, pp. 104–128.
22. Sakcalia, A. and Yavuz, H., Estimation of Radial Deformations around Circular Tunnels in Weak Rock Masses through Numerical Modeling, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2019, vol. 123.

STRESS DETERMINATION IN ROCK MASS WITH REGARD TO SEQUENCE OF DEEP-LEVEL CUT-AND-FILL
V. M. Seryakov

Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
e-mail: vser@misd.ru

The article discusses application of the deep-level stress determination method developed for modeling stress redistribution in rocks and in backfill as mining operations are advanced. It is suggested to take into account elastoplastic properties of rocks and backfill using the stiffness matrix of intact rock mass. The illustrative calculations are presented.

Mineral deposits, rock, stress state, great depths, mined-out void, backfill, mining sequence, nonlinear deformation

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060028

REFERENCES
1. Kurlenya, М.V., Eremenko, А.А., and Shrepp, B.V., Geomekhanicheskie problemy razrabotki zhelezorudnykh mestorozhdenii Sibiri (Geomechanical Problems of Mining Iron Ore Deposits in Siberia), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2001.
2. Kazikaev, D.М., Geomekhanika podzemnoi razrabotki rud (Geomechanics of Underground Ore Mining), Moscow: Gornaya kniga, 2009.
3. Lizunkin, М.V., Justification of Geotechnologies for Underground Mining of Complex Structure Ore Deposits, Doc. Tech. Sci. Thesis, Chita, 2021.
4. Marysyuk, V.P., Sabyanin, G.V., Andreev, А.А., and Vasil’ev, D.А., Assessment of Stress State in Rock Ore when Stoping at Talnakh Deep Mines, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2020, no. 6, pp. 17–23.
5. Seryakov, V.M., Mathematical Modeling of Stress Strain State in Rock Mass during Mining with Backfill, J. Min. Sci., 2014, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 847–854.
6. Glushko, V.Т. and Vinogradov, V.V., Razrushenie gornykh porod i prognozirovanie proyavlenii gornogo davleniya (Rock Failure and Predicting Rock Pressure Manifestations), Moscow: Nedra, 1982.
7. Il’yushin, А.А., Plastichnost’. Ch. 1. Uprugoplasticheskie deformatsii (Plasticity. Part I. Elastoplastic Deformations), Moscow, Leningrad: OGIZ, 1948.
8. Malinin, N.N., Prikladnaya teoriya plastichnosti i polzuchesti (Applied Theory of Plasticity and Creep), Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1975.
9. Zienkiewicz, О.C., The Finite Element Method in Engineering Science, McGraw-Hill, London, 1971.
10. Bronnikov, D.М., Zamesov, N.F., and Bogdanov, G.I., Razrabotka rud na bolshikh glubinakh (Ore Mining at Great Depths), Moscow: Nedra, 1982.
11. Krupnik, L.А., Shaposhnik, Yu.N., Shaposhnik, S.N., and Tursunbaeva, А.К., Backfilling Technologies in Kazakhstan Mines, J. Min. Sci., 2013, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 82–89.
12. Kurlenya, М.V., Seryakov, V.М., and Eremenko, А.А., Tekhnogennye geomekhanicheskie polya napryazhenii (Mining-Induced Geomechanical Stress Fields), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2005.

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MECHANICAL AND INDEX PROPERTIES OF SANDSTONE FROM THE CENTRAL SALT RANGE
M. Z. Emad, M. U. Khan*, S. A. Saki, M. A. Raza, and M. U. Tahir

University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Lahore, Pakistan
*e-mail: usman@uet.edu.pk
NESPAK, National Engineering Services, Pakistan

A study was conducted to uncover the possible correlations among mechanical and index properties of sandstones from formations of Salt Range area, Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, sandstone block samples were collected from seven formations of the Salt Range. The samples were prepared for rock testing according to the guidelines set by International Society of Rock Mechanics (ISRM). Defective samples were discarded and those meeting the ISRM specifications were tested for sonic velocities, dry density, porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic constants. Results obtained were then statistically analyzed to find the predictive relationships. The analysis revealed that correlations exist between two groups of tested rocks. The predictive relationships were determined between porosity and static mechanical properties of rocks and between porosity and dynamic mechanical properties.

Porosity, UCS, rock properties, correlation, Salt Range, sonic velocity

DOI: 10.1134/S106273912106003X

REFERENCES
1. Kahraman, S., Evaluation of Simple Methods for Assessing the Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2001, vol. 38, pp. 981–994.
2. Soroush, H. and Fahimifar, A., Evaluation of Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks Using Ultrasonic Pulse Technique and Presenting Equations between Dynamic and Static Elastic Constants, Proc.of 10th ISRM Congress, Sandton, South Africa, 2003.
3. Yasar, E. and Erdogan, Y., Correlating Sound Velocity with the Density, Compressive Strength and Young’s Modulus of Carbonate Rocks. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2004, vol. 41, pp. 871–875.
4. Chary, K.B., Sarma, L.P., Prasanna Lakshmi, K.J., Vijayakumar, N.A., Naga Lakshmi, V., and Rao, M. V. M.S., Evaluation of Engineering Properties of Rock Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Uniaxial Compressive Strength, Proc. National Seminar on Non-Destructive Evaluation, Hyderabad, India, 2006.
5. Shalabi, F.I., Cording, E.J., and Hattamleh, O., Estimation of Rock Engineering Properties Using Hardness Tests, Eng. Geol., 2007, vol. 90, p. 138–147.
6. Palchik, V. and Hatzor, Y.H., The Influence of Porosity on Tensile and Compressive Strength of Porous Chalks, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 2004, vol. 37, pp. 331–341.
7. Tamrakar, N.K., Yokota, S., and Shrestha, S.D., Relationships among Mechanical, Physical and Petrographic Properties of Siwalik Sandstones, Central Nepal Sub-Himalayas, Eng. Geol., 2007, vol. 90, pp. 105–123.
8. Regnet, J.B., Davidet, C., Fortin, J., Robion, P., Makhloufi, Y., and Collin, P.Y., Influence of Microporosity Distribution on the Mechanical Behavior of Oolithic Carbonate Rocks, Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment, 2015, vol. 3, pp. 11–23.
9. Sameeni, S.J., The Salt Range: Pakistan’s Unique Field Museum of Geology and Paleontology, in PaleoParks, The Protection and Conservation of Fossil Sites Worldwide, Notebooks on Geology, Chapter 6. France, 2009.
10. Ulusay R. and Hudson J. A. (eds.), The Complete ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 1974–2006, in: Suggested Methods Prepared by the Commission on Testing Methods, Compiled by the ISRM Turkish National Group, Ankara, 2007.
11. Tests, Suggested Methods for Determining Tensile Strength of Rock Materials., Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1978, vol. 15, pp. 99–103.
12. Bieniawski, Z.T. and Bernede, M.J., Suggested Methods for Determining the Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Deformability of Rock Materials: Part 1. Suggested Method for Determining Deformability of Rock Materials in Uniaxial Compression, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1979, vol. 16, pp. 138–140.
13. Aydin, A., Upgraded ISRM Suggested Method for Determining Sound Velocity by Ultrasonic Pulse Transmission Technique, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 2014, vol. 47, pp. 255–259.
14. Suggested Methods for Determining Sound Velocity, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1978, vol. 15, pp. 53–58.
15. Yu, C., Ji, S., and Li, Q., Effects of Porosity on Seismic Velocities, Elastic Moduli and Poisson’s Ratios of Solid Materials and Rocks, J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 2016, vol. 8, pp. 35–49.
16. Domenico, S.N., Rock Lithology and Porosity Determination from Shear and Compressional Wave Velocity, Geophysics, 1984, vol. 49, pp. 1188–1195.
17. Zhang, J.J. and Bentley, L.R., Factors Determining Poisson’s Ratio, CREWES Research Report, 2005, vol. 17, pp. 1–15.
18. D’Andrea, D.V., Fogelson, D.E., and Fischer, R.L., Prediction of Compressive Strength from Other Rock Properties, Washington, 1965.

APPLICATION OF SELECTED ANALYTICAL AND EMPIRICAL METHODS TO DETERMINE THE CAUSES OF. A. ROCK BURST INCIDENT RECORDED IN. A. POLISH MINE
P. Litwa* and G. Merta**

Central Mining Institute (GIG), Katowice, 40–166 Poland
*e-mail: plitwa@gig.eu
**e-mail: gmerta@gig.eu

The paper concerns an analysis of the causes of the rock burst that occurred in 2019 in one of the underground hard coal mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland). This incident occurred in the area of an active longwall with complex mining and geological conditions. The operation was linked to natural hazards, with seismic (rock burst) and methane hazards predominating. The recorded seismic activity in the course of the operation was at a high level. Commonly used methods of assessing the state of the rock burst hazard are characterised by the difficulty in predicting the occurrence of tremors which may result in dangerous incidents (rock bursts or relaxation). There is therefore a need to constantly improve methods of forecasting the state of such hazards. The paper presents selected results of the applied analytical and empirical methods, which made it possible to determine the causes of the rock burst and to determine the principles of further exploitation in the area covered by the study.

Natural hazards, occupational safety, rock burst, rock burst assessment methods

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060041

REFERENCES
1. Chen, X., Li, W., and Yan, X., Analysis on Rock Burst Danger when Fully-Mechanized Caving Coal Face Passed Fault i-th Deep Mining, Special Issue Article: The First Int. Symp. Mine Safety Sci. Eng., Safety Sci., 2012, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 645–648.
2. Wen, Z., Wang, X., Tan, Yu., Zhang, H., Huang, W., and Li, Q., A Study of Rockburst Hazard Evaluation Method in Coal Mine, Hindawl Publishing Corporation Shock and Vibration, 2015, Article ID 8740868.
3. Zorychta, A. and Litwa, P., Geomechaniczne Modele Gorotworu Tapiacego. Biblioteka Szkoly Eksploatacji Podziemnej—Seria z Perlikiem, Krakow, W Pracy Zbiorowej pod Redakcja A. Zorychty, 2003, No. 7.
4. Amadei, B. and Stephansson, O., Rock Stress and Its Measurement, Chapman and Hall, Springer Netherlands, 1997. DOI: 10.1007/978–94–011–5346–1.
5. Makowka, J., Method of Determining the Triaxial Stress State in the Rock Mass with Directed Hydrofracturing, Arch. Min. Sci., 2015, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 729–741.
6. Dubinski, J., Sejsmiczna Metoda Wyprzedzajacej Oceny Zagrozenia Wstrzasami Gorniczymi w Kopalniach Wegla Kamiennego (Seismic Method for Pre-Emptive Mine Tremor Hazard Forecasting in Hard Coal Mines), Prace GIG, Seria Dodatkowa, Katowice, 1989.
7. Drzewiecki, J. and Frejowski, A., Ocena Skutecznosci Prowadzenia Eksploatacji w Aspekcie Zaburzen Tektonicznych i Sedymentacyjnych (Extraction Efficiency Assessment with Regard to Tectonic and Sedimentary Disturbances), Prace Naukowe GIG, Gornictwo i Srodowisko, 2010, no. 4/3, pp. 86–98.
8. Bukowska, M. (ed.), Kompleksowa Metoda Oceny Sklonnosci do Tapan Gorotworu w Gornoslaskim Zaglebiu Weglowym (Comprehensive Method for Assessing Rock Mass Propensity for Rock Burst Generation in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin), Wydawnictwo Glownego Instytutu Gornictwa, Katowice, 2009.
9. Myszkowski, J. and Frejowski, A., Conducting Mining Activity under the Conditions of Natural Hazards Related to Zones of Faulting, Prace Naukowe GIG, Gornictwo i Srodowisko, 2011, no. 1/1, pp. 64–71.
10. Kowalski, A., Deformacje Powierzchni na Terenach Gorniczych Kopaln Wegla Kamiennego (Surface Deformations in the Mining Areas of Hard Coal Mines), Wydawnictwo Glownego Instytutu Gornictwa, Katowice, 2020.
11. Szpetkowski, S., Prognozowanie Wplywow Eksploatacji Zloz Pokladowych na Gorotwor i Powierzchnie Terenu (Forecasting the Influence of Bedded Deposit Extraction on the Rock Mass and the Surface), Slaskie Wydawnictwo Techniczne, Katowice, 1995.
12. Kowalski, A., Primary Influence Range Variability in the Rock Mass, Ochrona Terenow Gorniczych, 1985, no. 72/2.

BRAZILIAN TENSILE STRENGTH TESTING
V. P. Efimov

Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
e-mail: efimov-pedan@mail.ru

The paper discusses the direct and Brazilian tensile strength testing data in terms of the mechanical properties of rocks. The statistical correlation factors by categories of rocks only offer rough estimates of the direct strength in tension using the Brazilian tensile strength test data. It is suggested to compare the two methods using models which include the structure of a material. It is shown that when the analysis includes the biaxial stress field, which leads to a decrease in the strength by the Brazilian test as compared with the strength value from the direct tension, as well as when the analysis includes the nonuniformity of the tensile stresses, which brings an opposite effect, the tensile strength values of the two methods are correlated more accurately.

Rocks, tensile strength, Brazilian test, structural parameter

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060053

REFERENCES
1. Hoek, E. and Bieniawski, Z.T., Brittle Fracture Propagation in Rock under Compression, Int. J. Fracture Mechan., 1965, vol. 1, pp. 137–155.
2. Lin, P., Wong, R. H. C., and Tang, C.A., Experimental Study of Coalescence Mechanisms and Failure under Uniaxial Compression of Granite Containing Multiple Holes, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2015, vol. 77, pp. 313–327.
3. Healy, D., Jones, R.R., and Holdsworth, R.E., New Insights into the Development of Brittle Shear Fractures from a 3D Numerical Model of Microcrack Interaction, Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, 2006, vol. 249, iss. 1–2, pp. 14–28.
4. Lankford, J., The Role of Tensile Microfracture in the Strain Rate Dependence of Compressive Strength of Fine-Grained Limestone—Analogy with Strong Ceramics, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 1981, vol. 18, pp. 173–175.
5. Veksler, Yu.А., Durability of Rocks under Compression, J. Min. Sci., 1979, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 250–254.
6. Efimov, V.P., Investigation into the Long-Term Strength of Rocks under Loading with a Constant Rate, J. Min. Sci., 2007, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 600–606.
7. Gelazov, М.А., Kuksenko, V.S., and Slutsker, А.I., Fibrillar Structure and Submicroscopic Fractures in Oriented Crystalline Polymers, FGT, 1970, vol. 12, pp. 100–108.
8. Carneiro, F., A New Method to Determine the Tensile Strength of Concrete, Proc. of the 5th Meeting of the Brazilian Association for Technical Rules, 1943.
9. Lavrov, A. and Vervoort, A., Theoretical Treatment of Tangential Loading Effects on the Brazilian Test Stress Distribution, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2002, vol. 39, pp. 275–283.
10. Kourkoulis, S.K., Markides, Ch.F., and Chatzistergos, P.E., The Brazilian Disc under Parabolically Varying Load: Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Displacement Field, Int. J. Solids Structures, 2012, vol. 49, pp. 959–972.
11. Markides, C.F. and Kourkoulis, S.K., The Influence of Jaw’s Curvature on the Results of the Brazilian Disc Test, J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 2016, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 127–146.
12. ASTM D 3967–08. Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA, 2008.
13. ISRM Suggested Methods for Determining Tensile Strength of Rock Materials, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 1978, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 99–103.
14. National Standards Compilation Group of People’s Republic of China, GB/T 50266–99 Standard for Tests Method of Engineering Rock Masses, Beijing: China Plan Press, 1999 [in Chinese].
15. Brawn, Е.Т. and Trollope, D., Тhe Failure of Linear Brittle Mаtеrials under Effective Tensile Stress, J. Rock Месh. Eng. Geol., 1967, vol. 5, pp. 229–241.
16. Brisevac, Z., Kujundzic, T., and Cajic, S., Current Cognition of Rock Tensile Strength Testing by Brazilian Test, The Mining–Geology–Petroleum Engineering Bulletin, 2015, pp. 101–114.
17. Perras, M.A. and Diederichs, M.S., A Review of the Tensile Strength of Rock. Concepts and Testing, J. Geotech. Geol. Eng., 2014, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 525–546.
18. Li, D. and Wong, L., The Brazilian Disc Test for Rock Mechanics Applications: Review and New Insights, J. Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 2013, vol. 46, pp. 269–287.
19. Demirdag, S., Tufekci, K., Sengun, N., Efe, T., and Altindag, R., Determination of the Direct Tensile Strength of Granite Rock by Using a New Dumbbell Shape and its Relationship with Brazilian Tensile Strength, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Sci., 2019, vol. 221. Article ID 012094.
20. Jaeger, J.C., Failure of Rocks under Tensile Conditions, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 1967, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 219–227.
21. Pandey, P. and Singh, D.P., Deformation of a Rock in Different Tensile Tests, J. Eng. Geol., 1986, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 281–292.
22. Fuenkajorn, K. and Klanphumeesri, S., Laboratory Determination of Direct Tensile Strength and Deformability of Intact Rocks, Geotech. Testing J., 2011, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 97–102.
23. Unlu, T. and Yilmaz, O., A New Method Developed for Determining Direct Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Materials, Proc. of the 11th Regional Rock Mech. Symp., 2014.
24. Efimov, V.P., The Rock Strength in Different Tension Conditions, J. Min. Sci., 2009, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 569–575.
25. Mellor, M. and Hawkes, I., Measurement of Tensile Strength by Diametral Compression of Discs and Annuli, J. Eng. Geol., 1971, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 173–225.
26. Ramana, Y.V. and Sarma, L.P., Split-Collar Tensile Test Grips for Short Rock Cores, J. Eng. Geol., 1987, vol. 23, pp. 255–261.
27. Alehossein, H. and Boland, J.N., Strength, Toughness, Damage and Fatigue of Rock, Proc. Int. Conf. Structural Integrity Fracture, Brisbane, Australia, 2004, Article ID 836.
28. Liu, J., Chen, L., Wang, C., Man, K., Wang, L., Wang, J., and Su, R., Characterizing the Mechanical Tensile Behavior of Beishan Granite with Different Experimental Methods, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2014, vol. 69, pp. 50–58.
29. Qi, S.W., Lan, H.X.,•Martin, D., and Huang, X.L., Factors Controlling the Difference in Brazilian and Direct Tensile Strengths of the Lac du Bonnet Granite, J. Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 2020, vol. 53, pp. 1005–1019.
30. Andreev, G.E., A Review of the Brazilian Test for Rock Tensile Strength Determination. Part I: Calculation Formula, J. Min. Sci. Technol., 1991, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 445–456.
31. Hansen, F.D. and Vogt, T.J., Thermomechanical Properties of Selected Shales, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report, 1987.
32. Hakala, M. and Heikkila, E., Posiva Laboratory Testing Reports WR-97–04, WR-97–07e, 1997.
33. Erarslan, N. and Williams, D., Experimental, Numerical and Analytical Studies on Tensile Strength of Rocks, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2012, vol. 49, pp. 21–30.
34. Coviello, A., Lagioia, R., and Nova, R., On the Measurement of the Tensile Strength of Soft Rocks, J. Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 2005, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 251–273.
35. Li, K., Cheng, Y., Yin, Z.Y., Han, D., and Meng, J., Size Effects in a Transversely Isotropic Rock under Brazilian Tests: Laboratory Testing, J. Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 2020, vol. 53, pp. 2623–2642.
36. L’Hermite, R., Idees Actuelles sur la Technologie du Beton, Paris, 1955.
37. Yashin, А.V., Non-Uniaxial Stress–Strain Behavior of Concrete, Prochnost’, strukturnye izmeneniya i deformatsii betona (Strength, Structural Changes and Deformations of Concrete), Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1978.
38. Mal’tsov, К.А. and Pak, А.P., Accounting for a Complex Stress State when Calculating the Strength of Concrete in Structures, Izv. VNIIG, 1972, vol. 100, pp. 205–214.
39. Zaitsev, G.G., Barabanov, V.N., and Laukhina, N.S., Comparative Method for Determining the Strength Limit of Graphite by Compressing Cylindrical Specimens along the Generatrix, Graphite-Based Structural Materials: Collection of Works, 1971, no. 6, pp. 153–156.
40. Frocht, М.M., Photoelasticity. Vol. II, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1948.
41. Trapeznikov, L.P., Temperaturnaya treshchinostoykost’ massivnykh betonnykh konstruktsii (Thermal Crack Resistance of Massive Concrete Structures), Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1986.
42. Legan, М.А., On the Relationship between Gradient Criteria of Local Strength in Stress Concentration Zone and Linear Fracture Mechanics, PMTF, 1993, no. 4, pp. 146–154.
43. Efimov, V.P., Effect of Loading Rate on Fracture Toughness within the Kinetic Concept of Thermal Fluctuation Mechanism of Rock Failure, J. Min. Sci., 2016, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 274–278.
44. Zhang, Z.X., An Empirical Relation between Mode I Fracture Toughness and the Tensile Strength of Rock, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2002, vol. 39, pp. 401–406.

ROCK FAILURE

3D MODELING OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN AN ISOTROPIC ELASTIC MEDIUM WITH. A. FRACTURE INITIATOR AT THE HOLE BOTTOM
A. V. Azarov* and S. V. Serdyukov

Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: antonazv@mail.ru

The authors describe the numerical studies into hydraulic fracturing in an isotropic elastic medium with a fracture initiator set at the hole bottom. The influence of individual factors, including the depth of the fracture initiator, its distance from the hole bottom, the bottom shape, the strength and elasticity of the medium, on the shape of the created fractures and on the fracturing pressure is determined. The application of the revealed dependences in optimization of the technology and equipment of the directional hydraulic fracturing is illustrated.

Hydraulic fracturing, fracture initiator, fracture growth trajectory, hole, hole bottom, strength and elasticity, fracturing pressure, mathematical modeling, extended finite element method

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060065

SHAPES OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURES IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF CYLINDRICAL CAVITY
S. V. Serdyukov*, A. V. Azarov, L. A. Rybalkin, and A. V. Patutin

Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: ss3032@yandex.ru

The article presents the theoretical and experimental results on propagation of hydraulic fractures in the neighborhood of an extended cylindrical cavity in an isotropic elastic medium under the hydrostatic stress and in the triaxial stress field composed of unequal components. The influence exerted on the curvature and volume of the created fractures by the fracture initiator and cavity spacing, as well as by the strength and compression of the medium is illustrated. The main types and conditions of the created fractures are described. The physical simulation and the full-scale experiment prove the numerical research reliability and the applicability of the program and method solutions in design of hydraulic fracturing at short distances from underground openings and structures.

Rock mass, underground opening, stress state, hydraulic fracturing, fracture shape, fracturing fluid pressure, numerical modeling, extended finite element method, physical simulation and full-scale experiment

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060077

REFERENCES
1. Shilova, T.V. and Serdyukov, S.V., Protection of Operating Degassing Holes from Air Inflow from Underground Excavations, Journal of Mining Science, 2015, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 1049–1055.
2. Panov, A.V., Skulkin, A.A., Tsibizov, L.V., and Rodin, R.I., Determination of Natural Stresses in Hydraulic Fracturing, InterExpo Geo-Sibir Proc., 2015, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 186–190.
3. Xia, B., Zhang, X., Yu, B., Jia, J., Weakening Effects of Hydraulic Fracture in Hard Roof under the Influence of Stress Arch, Int. J. Min. Sci. and Tech., 2018, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 951–958.
4. Liu, Z., Lu, Q, Sun, Y., Tang, X., Shao, Z., Weng, Z., Investigation of the Influence of Natural Cavities on Hydraulic Fracturing Using Phase Field Method, Arabian J. for Sci. and Eng., 2019, vol. 44, no 12, pp. 10481–10501.
5. Chen, Z., Li, X., Dusseault, M.B., and Weng, L., Effect of Excavation Stress Condition on Hydraulic Fracture Behavior, Eng. Fracture Mech., 2020, vol. 226, P. 106871.
6. Martynyuk, P.A. and Sher, E.N., Development of a Crack Close to a Circular Opening with an External Field of Compressive Stresses, Journal of Mining Science, 1996, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 453–463.
7. Shi, F., Wang, D., and Chen, X.A., Numerical Study on the Propagation Mechanisms of Hydraulic Fractures in Fracture-Cavity Carbonate Reservoirs, Cmes-Computer Modeling in Eng. and Sci., 2021, vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 575–598.
8. Luo, Z., Zhang, N, Zhao, L., Zeng, J., Liu, P., and Li, N., Interaction of a Hydraulic Fracture with a Hole in Poroelasticity Medium Based on Extended Finite Element Method, Eng. Analysis with Boundary Elements, 2020, vol. 115, pp. 108–119.
9. Song, J.H., Areias, P. M. A., and Belytschko, T., A Method for Dynamic Crack and Shear Band Propagation with Phantom Nodes, Int. J. for Numerical Methods in Eng., 2006, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 868–893.
10. Cruz, F., Roehl, D., do Amaral Vargas Jr. E. An XFEM Implementation in Abaqus to Model Intersections between Fractures in Porous Rocks, Computers and Geotechnics, 2019, vol. 112, pp. 135–146.
11. He, B., Hydromechanical Model for Hydraulic Fractures Using XFEM, Frontiers of Structural and Civil Eng., 2019, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 240–249.
12. Belytschk, T., Chen, H., Xu, J., and Zi, G., Dynamic Crack Propagation Based on Loss of Hyperbolicity and a New Discontinuous Enrichment, Int. J. for Numerical Methods in Eng., 2003, vol. 58, no. 12, pp. 1873–1905.
13. Azarov, A.V., Kurlenya, M.V., and Serdyukov, S.V., Fracturing Simulation Software for Solid Mineral Mining, Journal of Mining Science, 2020, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 868–875.
14. Ortiz, M. and Pandolfi, A., Finite Deformation Irreversible Cohesive Elements for Three Dimensional Crack Propagation Analysis, Int. J. Numerical Methods in Eng., 1999, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 1267–1282.
15. Kolykhalov, I.V., Physical Modeling of Axisymmetrical Hydrofractures in Elastic Medium by Plastic Material Injection, J. Fundament. Appl. Min. Sci., 2017, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 113–118.
16. Serdyukov, S.V., Rybalkin, L.A., Drobchik, A.V., Patutin, A.V., and Shilova, T.V., Laboratory Installation Simulating a Hydraulic Fracturing of Fractured Rock Mass, Journal of Mining Science, 2020, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1053–1060.

NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF WEDGE PENETRATION RESISTANCE IN BRITTLE ROCK MASS WITH REGARD TO EQUILIBRIUM PROPAGATION OF MAIN CRACK
E. N. Sher

Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
e-mail: ensher@gmail.com

The analytical model and numerical program are developed for solving 3D elastic problem on wedge tool penetration resistance in brittle rock mass with regard to the main crack growth. The program testing is described. Its efficiency is proved by comparison with the analytical solution of a problem on equilibrium propagation of a disc-shaped crack in the elastic space with pressure applied in the center of a circle of limited radius. Such solution is a good approximation of the problem on wedge penetration and can be used to estimate the wedge penetration resistance depending on the wedge geometrics, penetration depth and characteristics of the medium.

Wedge penetration, rock, 3D analysis, penetration resistance, stiffness coefficient, main crack, fracture shape

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060089

REFERENCES
1. Ushakov, L.S, Kotylev, Yu.Е., and Kravchenko, V.А., Gidravlicheskie mashiny udarnogo deistviya (Hydraulic Impact Machines), Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 2000.
2. Mattis, A.R., Cheskidov, V.I., Labutin, V.N., et al., Bezvzryvnye tekhnologii otkrytoi dobychi tverdykh poleznykh iskopayemykh (Blast-Free Technologies for Open-Pit Mining of Solid Minerals), Novosibirsk: Izd. SO RAN, 2007.
3. Gorodilov, L.V. and Labutin, V.N., Prospects for the Creation of Active Buckets for Hydraulic Construction Excavators, Proc. of the 5th Int. Sci. Symp. on Shock-and-Vibration Systems, Machines and Technologies, Orel: OrelGTU, 2013.
4. Gorbunov, V.F., Lazutkin, А.G., and Ushakov, L.S., Impulsnyi gidroprivod gornykh mashin (Pulse Hydraulic Drive of Mining Machines), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1986.
5. Kryukov, G.M., Fizika razrusheniya gornykh porod pri burenii i vzryvanii. T. 1 (Physics of Rock Failure due to Drilling and Blasting. Vol. I), Moscow: Gornaya kniga, 2006.
6. Kolesnikov, Yu.V. and Morozov, Е.М., Mekhanika kontaktnogo razrusheniya (Mechanics of Contact Fracture), Moscow: LKI, 2010.
7. Lawn, B.R., Evans, A.G., and Marshall, D.B., Elastic/Plastic in Indentation Damage in Ceramics: The Median/Radial Crack System, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 1980, vol. 63, nos. 9–10, pp. 574–581.
8. Lawn, B.R. and Wilshaw, T.R., Indentation Fracture: Principles and Application, J. Mater. Sci., 1975, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1049–1081.
9. Lawn, B.R. and Swain, M.V., Microfracture beneath Point Indentation in Brittle Solids, J. Mater. Sci., 1975, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 113–122.
10. Maurer, W.C. and Rinehart, J.S., Impact Crater Formation in Rock, J. Appl. Phys., 1960, vol. 31, no. 7, p. 1247.
11. Paul, B. and Sikarskie, D., A Preliminary Theory on Static Penetration by a Ridge Wedge into Brittle Rock Material, Transaction of SME-AIME, 1965, pp. 372–383.
12. Basheyev, G.V., Yefimov, V.V., and Martynyuk, P.А., Calculation Model for Rock Breaking with a Wedge-Shaped Impact Tool, J. Min. Sci., 1999, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 494–501.
13. Basheyev, G.V., Calculated Scheme of Rock Lump Splitting Off under the impact of Wedge beneath a Bench, J. Min. Sci., 2004, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 490–502.
14. Sher, Е.N. and Efimov, V.P., 3D Modeling of Fracture Growth in Solid under the Penetration of Rigid Wedge, J. Min. Sci., 2015, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1108–1112.
15. Reichmuth, P.R., Correlation of Force and Displacement Data with Physical Rock Properties for Percussive Drilling Systems, Proc. 5th Symp. on Rock Mech., NY, Pergamon Press, 1963.
16. Aleksandrov, Е.V., Sokolinsky, V.B., and Zakharikov, G.М., Issledovanie vzaimodeystviya instrumenta i gornoi porody pri udarnom razrushenii (Rock–Rock-Breaking Tool Interaction during Impact Fracture), Moscow: Skochinsky Institute of Mining, 1967.
17. Crouch, S.L. and Starfield, А.M., Boundary Element Methods in Solid Mechanics, George Allen & UNWIN, London-Boston-Sydney, 1983.
18. Sher, Е.N. and Mikhailov, А.М., Modeling the Axially Symmetric Crack Growth under Blasting and Hydrofracturing near Free Surface, J. Min. Sci., 2008, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 473–481.
19. Peach, М. and Koehler, J.S., The Forces Exerted on Dislocations and the Stress Fields Produced by Them, Phys. Rev., 1950, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 436–439.

LABORATORY RESEARCH OF SLOPE STABILITY UNDER IMPACTS
G. G. Kocharyan*, S. B. Kishkina, and Z. Z. Sharafiev

Academician Sadovsky Institute of Geosphere Dynamics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, 119334 Russia
*e-mail: geospheres@idg.chph.ras.ru

The authors discuss the lab-scale studies into sub-horizontal effect of a low-frequency seismic wave on a slope. Acceleration transducers enabled tracing relative slope sliding even in case of invisible straining. It is found that if the maximum acceleration in the momentum is below a certain value governed by the soil strength, the slope keeps stable even at high displacement velocities. A single impact at high acceleration but low mass velocity is also incapable to initiate landslide. However, in this case, residual strains arise, accumulate and can make the slope unstable. Under multiple impacts, the critical parameters are markedly lower as compared with the single impact. This is particularly true for steep slopes having small stability factors. The parameters of vibrations generated by different-magnitude earthquakes which initiate slope failures in the form of landslides are analyzed.

Slope processes, landslides, slope failure, multiple impacts, seismic vibrations, earthquakes, blasts

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060090

REFERENCES
1. Newmark, N.M., Effects of Earthquakes on Dams and Embankments, Geotechnique, 1965, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 139–160.
2. Strom, A., Lan, H., and Li, L., Rock Avalanche Mobility: Optimal Characterization and the Effects of Confinement, Landslides, 2019, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 1437–1452.
3. Wilson, R.C. and Keefer, D.K., Dynamic Analysis of a Slope Failure from the 6 August 1979 Coyote Lake, California, Earthquake, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1983, vol. 73, pp. 863–877.
4. Keffer, D.K., Landslides Caused by Earthquakes, GSA Bulletin, 1984, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 406–421.
5. Mel’nikov, N.N., Kozyrev, А.А., and Lukichev, S.V., New Concept for Deep Open-Pit Mining of Deposits, Gornyi zhurnal, 2009, no. 11, pp. 7–11.
6. Fisenko, G.L., Ustoichivost’ bortov kar’erov i otvalov (Pitwall and Slope Stability), Moscow: Nedra, 1965.
7. Yakovlev, D.V., Tsirel’, S.V., Zuev, B.Yu., and Pavlovich, А.А., Earthquake Impact on Pitwall Stability, J. Min. Sci., 2012, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 595–608.
8. Tsirel’, S.V. and Pavlovich, А.А., Problems and Methods for Developing Geomechanical Justification of Pitwall Parameters, Gornyi zhurnal, 2017, no. 7, pp. 39–45.
9. Wilson, R.C. and Keefer, D.K., Predicting Areal Limits of Earthquake-Induced Landsliding. Earthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region—an Earth-Science Perspective, U. S. Geol. Survey Profes., Ziony, J.I. (ed.), 1985, pp. 317–345.
10. Khramtsov, B.А., Bakaras, М.V., Kravchenko, А.S., and Korneichuk, М.А., Control of Stability of Loose Overburden Dumps in Iron-Ore Mines of the KMA, GIAB, 2018, no. 2, pp. 66–72.
11. ODM 218.2.006–2010. Rekomendatsii po raschetu ustoichivosti opolzneopasnykh sklonov (otkosov) i opredeleniyu opolznevykh davlenii na inzhenernye sooruzheniya avtomobil’nykh dorog (ODM 218.2.006–2010. Recommendations for Calculating the Stability of Landslide-Prone Slopes and Determining Landslide Pressure on Engineering Structures of Highways), 2010.
12. Dieterich, J.H., Modeling of Rock Friction: 1. Experimental Results and Constitutive Equations, J. Geophys. Res., 1979, vol. 84, pp. 2161–2168.
13. Arnold, L., Seismically-Induced Rock-Slope Failure: Numerical Investigations Using the Bonded Particle Model, PhD Dissertation, University of Washington, 2016.
14. Pavlov, D.V. and Sharafiev, Z.Z., Metodika laboratornogo issledovaniya ustoichivosti sklona pri impul’snom dinamicheskom vozdeistvii. Dinamicheskie protsessy v geosferakh (Procedure for Laboratory Research of Slope Stability under Pulsed Dynamic Impact. Dynamic Processes in Geospheres), Moscow: Geos, 2020.
15. Kocharyan, G.G., Besedina, А.N., Kishkina, S.B., Pavlov, D.V., Sharafiev, Z.Z., and Kamenev, P.А., Initiation of Slope Collapse by Seismic Vibrations from Different Sources, Fizika Zemli, 2021, no. 5, pp. 41–54.
16. Sedov, L.I., Mekhanika sploshnoi sredy. Tom 1 (Continuum Mechanics. Vol. I), Moscow: Nauka, 1976.
17. Adushkin, V.V. and Orlenko, Т.А., Strength Characteristics of Sandy Soil Decompaction during Shear, Mekhanika tverdogo tela, 1971, no. 2, pp. 167–171.
18. RF State Standard no. 12248–2010. Soils. Methods for Laboratory Determination of Strength and Deformability Characteristics, Moscow: Standartinform, 2011.
19. Kocharyan, G.G. and Spivak, А.А., Dinamika deformirovaniya blochnykh massivov gornykh porod (Deformation Dynamics of Blocky Rock Masses), Moscow: IKTs Akademkniga, 2003.
20. Bullock, Z., Dashti, S., Liel, A., Porter, K., Karimi, Z., and Bradley, B., Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for Arias Intensity, Cumulative Absolute Velocity, and Peak Incremental Ground Velocity for Rock Sites in Different Tectonic Environments, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 2017, vol. 107, pp. 2293–2309.
21. Boore, D.M., Joyner, W.B., and Fumal, D.E., Estimation of Response Spectra and Peak Accelerations from Western North America Earthquakes: An Interim Report, Open-File-Report, US Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 1993.
22. Sabetta, F. and Pugliese, A., Estimation of Response Spectra and Simulation of Nonstationary Ground Motions, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1996, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 337–352.
23. Carro, M., Amicis, M. De, Luzi, L., and Marzorati, S., The Application of Predictive Modeling Techniques to Landslides Induced by Earthquakes: The Case Study of the 26 September 1997 Umbria—Marche Earthquake (Italy), Eng. Geol., 2003, vol. 69, pp. 139–159.
24. Jibson, R.W., Rathje, E.M., Jibson, M.W., and Lee, Y.W., SLAMMER—Seismic Landslide Movement Modeled Using Earthquake Records, U. S., Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, 2013.
25. Erteleva, О.О., Response Spectra in Velocities: Estimates of Parameters and Shape, Voprosy inzhenernoi seismologii, 2015., vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 5–14.

MINERAL MINING TECHNOLOGY

LOW-WASTE MINING TECHNOLOGY FOR STRUCTURALLY COMPLEX DEPOSITS WITH MIXED-TYPE PROCESS FLOWS OF ORE EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING
G. V. Sekisov and A. Yu. Cheban*

Institute of Mining, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khabarovsk, 680000 Russia
*e-mail: chebanay@mail.ru

The article presents a package of engineering solutions to ensure an essential increase in overall extraction of useful components in development of structurally complex ore deposits. The efficiency criterion of such mining using mixed-type process flows of ore extraction and processing is proposed to be the highest NPV of extraction and processing of high-grade ore, low-grade ore and mining-and-processing waste within the overall period of mining. The use of this criterion allows setting optimal ranges for cut-off grade to identify the ore types and qualities. Extraction blocks are distinguished by geological types determined based on the texture, structure and material constitution of ores. In a structurally complex extraction block, zones of super rich, rich, crude, poor and super poor ore are delineated. Super rich ore is extracted in the first place and is forwarded to pressure leaching or to leaching-and-adsorption. After disintegration by blasting, the other above-listed ore grades are sent to a processing plant or to heap leaching. This technology enables enhanced overall metal recovery from an extraction block.

Structurally complex block, ore types, ore grades, mixed-type extraction and processing, metal extraction, efficiency criterion, resource saving

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060107

REFERENCES
1. Bryukhovetsky, O.S., Bunin, Zh.V., and Kovalev, I.A., Tekhnologiya i kompleksnaya mekhanizatsiya rasrabotki mestorozhdenii poleznykh iskopaemykh (Technology and Integrated Mechanization of Mineral Mining), Moscow: Nedra, 1989.
2. Dimitrakopoulos, R., Orebody Modeling and Strategic Mine Planning: Old and New Dimensions in a Changing World., Proc. Int. Symp., Western Australia, 2009.
3. Menabde, M., Froyland, G., Stone, P., and Yeates, G., Mining Schedule Optimization for Conditionally Simulated Orebodies, Orebody Modeling and Strategic Mine Planning, Spectrum Series, 2007, pp. 91–100.
4. Ordin, A.A. and Klishin, V.I., Optimizatsiya tekhnologicheskikh parametrov gornodobyvayushchikh predpriyatii na osnove lagovykh modelei (Optimization of Process Variables in the Mining Industry Using Lag Models), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2009.
5. Agoshkov, M.I., Gol’dman, E.L., and Krivenkov, N.A., Ekonomika gornorudnoi promyshlennosti (Economy of Mining Industry), Moscow: Nedra, 1986.
6. Cacceta, L. and Hill, S., An Application of Branch and Cut to Open Pit Mine Scheduling, J. Global Optimization, 2003, vol. 27, pp. 349–365.
7. Cheban, A.Yu. and Sekisov, G.V., Systematization of Mining and Processing Methods for Small-Size Ore Bodies, Vestn. ZabGU, 2020, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 13–20.
8. Abramov, A.A., Ways of Enhancing Completeness of Use of Nonferrous Metals by Means of Improvement of Processing Technologies, Nedropol’z. XXI Vek, 2007, no. 5, pp. 74–80.
9. Reznichenko, S.S. and Antipova, N.M., Generation of Quantitative and Qualitative Measures for Produced Ore Flows in Open Pit Copper Ore Mining, GIAB, 2011, no. S 4–14, pp. 41–46.
10. ТTrubetskoy, K.N., Kaplunov, D.R., Ryl’nikova, M.V., and Radchenko, D.N., New Approaches to Designing Resource-Reproducing Technologies for Comprehensive Extraction of Ores, Journal of Mining Science, 2011, vol. 47, no. 3, article 317.
11. Aristov, I.I. and Rubtsov, S.K., Improvement of Ore Dilution and Loss Rating and Auditing Procedures in Mining Structurally Complex Deposits, Nedropol’z. XXI Vek, 2006, no. 1, pp. 28–36.
12. Gorlov, Yu.V., Ignatov, V.N., Gorlov, D.Yu., and Shum, I.Yu., Design Losses in Drilling-and Blasting in Solid Mineral Bodies, GIAB, 2010, no. 2, pp. 80–82.
13. Rakishev, B.R., Avtomatizirovannoe proektirovanie i proizvodstvo massovykh vzryvov na kar’erakh (Automated Design and Implementation of Large-Scale Blasting in Open Pit Mines), Almaty: Galyn, 2016.
14. Gorlov, Yu.V., Ignatov, V.N., Gorlov, D.Yu., and Shum, I.Yu., Calculation Procedure of Overgrinding Zone around a Blasthole, GIAB, 2010, no. 2, pp. 75–79.
15. Khakulov, V.A., Kononov, O.V., Shapovalov, V.A., and Karpova, Zh.V., Improvement of Ore Mining and Processing at Tarnyauz Deposit, Obogashch. Rud, 2021, no. 3, pp. 3–8.
16. Revnivtsev, V.I., Azbel’ E.I., and Baranov, E.G., Podgotovka mineral’nogo syr’ya k obogashcheniyu I pererabotke (Preparation of Raw Materials for Processing and Conversion), Moscow: Nedra, 1987.
17. Sekisov, A. and Rasskazova, A., Assessment of the Possibility of Hydrometallurgical Processing of Low-Grade Ores in the Oxidation Zone of the Malmyzh Cu–Au Porphyry Deposit, Minerals, 2021, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–11.
18. Babich, I.N., New Options in In-Situ Estimate of Contrast Properties of Ore, Rats. Osv. Nedr, 2020, no. 6, pp. 38–46.
19. Cheban, A.Yu and Sekisov, G.V., Justification of Mixed-Type Preparation for Selective Ore Extraction from Structurally Complex Deposits, Vestn. MGTU Nosova , 2020, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 4–12.
20. Shumilova, L.V., Reznik, Yu.N., and Trubachev, A.I., Pererabotka zolotosoderzhashchikh rud metodom kuchnogo i kyuvetnogo vyshchelachivaniya: problemy i perspektivy razvitiya (Gold Ore Processing by Heap and Agitation Leaching: Problems and Prospects), Chita: ChitGU, 2009.
21. Golik, V.I., Ismailov, T.T., and Mitsik, M.F., Universal Model of Metal Leaching from Low-Grade Raw Material with Mechanical and Chemical Activation Pretreatment, GIAB, 2011, no. 10, pp. 233–241.
22. Trubetskoy, K.N., Chanturia, V.A., Kaplunov, D.R., and Ryl’nikova, M.V., Kompleksnoe osvoenie mestorozhdenii i glubokaya pererabotka mineral’nogo syr’ya (Integrated Mineral Mining and High-Level Processing), Moscow: Nauka, 2010.
23. Cheban, A.Yu and Sekisov, A.G., Shovel with Bucket Capable to Separate High-Grade Ore Fines, Vestn. MGGU Nosova, 2020, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 16–22.
24. Golik, V.I, Metal Leaching—A Way of Reviving Mining Industry in Ossetia, Ust. Razv. Gorn. Terr., 2020, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 273–282.
25. Sekisov, A.G. and Rasskazova, A. V. RF patent no. 2647961, Byull. Izobret., 2018, no. 9.

MINING COMPLEXITY ASSESSMENT TO SUBSTANTIATE DEFORMATION MONITORING AT OPEN PIT MINES
M. R. Ponomarenko* and Yu. I. Kutepov

Saint-Petersburg Mining University, Saint-Petersburg, 199106 Russia
*e-mail: pnmry@mail.ru

The authors substantiate applicability of type-design practice of geotechnical facilities by their complexity with a view to determining structure and contents of deformation monitoring. It is suggested to exercise the type-design practice using particular characteristics of geological, hydrogeological and geotechnical conditions of mineral mining. Based on the existing regulatory documents and considering the modern scale of open pit mining and the current dimensions of open pits, the system of particular characteristics is shaped for the assessment of open pit mining conditions. The multi-criterion analysis of influence exerted by the particular characteristics on the resultant complexity estimate of an open pit is presented. The deformation monitoring procedure for open pits depending on their mining complexity is proposed. The procedure is tested at Tsentralny open pit mine at the Khibiny apatite–nepheline deposit on the Rasvumchorr Plateau.

Natural-and-technical systems, deformation monitoring, geotechnical facility type design, open pit mining, geotechnical facility complexity, multi-criterion analysis

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060119

REFERENCES
1. Trebovaniya k monitoring mestorozhdenii tverdykh poleznykh iskopaemykh (Monitoring Standards for Solid Mineral Deposits), approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia on 4 August 2000.
2. Stability Regulations for Pitwalls and Slopes of Surface Mines and Dumps. Approved by Rostekhndazor Oder no. 439 dated 13 November 2020.
3. Slope Stability Regulations for Open Pit Coal Mines. Approved by Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia on 16 March 1998. Saint-Petersburg: VNIMI, 1998.
4. Seregina, E.V., Integrated Monitoring of Nature-and-Technology Systems in Open Pit Coal Mining, Synopsis of Cand. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Saint-Petersburg, 2015.
5. Vasil’eva, A.D., Geotechnical Substantiation of High Dump Stability at Open Pit Coal Mines in Kuzbass, Synopsis of Cand. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Saint-Petersburg, 2020.
6. Ponomarenko, M.R., Deformation Monitoring Method for Open Pit Mines in the Far North Using Space Radar Sensing, Synopsis of Cand. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Saint-Petersburg, 2018.
7. Drizhenko, A.Yu., Theory of Open Pit Mining and Transport Systems, GIAB, 2014, no. 10, pp. 134–142.
8. RF State Standard GOST 59060–2020. Approved and Enacted by Rosstandart Order no. 712-st dated 30 September 2020.
9. Tarasov, P.I., Furin, V.O., Voroshilov, A.G., Lobanov, S.V., and Nevolin, V.M., Structural Layouts for Crawler Dumps to Operate on Steep Slopes, GIAB, 2007, no. 1, pp. 336–343.
10. Trubetskoy, K.N., Potapov, M.G., Binitsky, K.E., Mel’nikov, N.N., et al., Spravochnik. Otkrytye gornye raboty (Handbook. Open Pit Mining), Moscow: Gornoe byuro, 1994.
11. Kutepova, N.A., Geotechnical Justification of Prediction of Hydrogeomechanical Processes in Mining, Synopsis of Cand. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Saint-Petersburg, 2010.
12. Kutepov, Yu.I. and Kutepova, N.A., Methodology of Geotechnical Studies into Hydrogeomechanics of Disturbed Rock Mass during Mineral Mining, GIAB, 2014, no. 8, pp. 123–131.
13. Lomtadze, V.D., Inzhenernaya geologiya. Inzhenernaya petrologiya (Engineering Geology. Engineering Petrology), Leningrad: Nedra, 1984.
14. Instruktsiya po nablyudeniyam za deformatsiyami bortov, otkosov ustupov i otvalov na kar’erakh I razrabotke meropriyatii po obespecheniyu ikh ustoichivosti (Guidelines on Observation of Deformations of Pitwall and Dump Slopes and on Stability Safety Action Plan Development), approved by USSR Gosgortekhnadzor on 21 July 1970, Leningrad: VNIMI, 1971.
15. Orlov, G.V., Svizhenie gornykh porod i zemnoi poverkhnosti pod vliyaniem podzemnoi razrabotki (Movement of Rock and Ground Surface under the Action of Underground Mining), Moscow: MGGU, 2010.
16. Syrovatko, M.V., Gidrogeologiya i inzhenernaya geologiya pri osvoenii ugol’nykh mestorozhdenii (Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology in Coal Mining), Moscow: Gosgortekhizdat, 1960.
17. OSR Chart Equipment for the Territory of the Russian Federation. Scale 1:8000000. General Seismic Zoning of the Territory of the Russian Federation. Explanatory Note and the List of Residential Areas by Ulomov, V.I. and Bogdanov, M.I., 2016.
18. Code 14.13330.2018. Approved by the Ministry of Construction, Housing and Utilities of the Russian Federation, Order no. 309, dated 24 May 2018.
19. Mil’kov, F.N., Obshchee zemlevednie (General Earth Science), Moscow: Vysh. Shk., 1990.
20. Khandozhko, L.A., Ekonomicheskaya meteorologiya (Economic Meteorology), Saint-Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat, 2005.
21. Shabarov, A.N., Types and Mechanisms of Geodynamic Hazard in Mineral Mining and in Operation of Buried and Ground Engineering Structures, Zap. GI, 2010, vol. 188, P. 15.
22. Kutepova, N.A., Kutepov, Yu.I., and Shabarov, A.N., Geotechnical Supervision of Mining Safety in Moist Rock Mass, Zap. GI, 2012, vol. 197, pp. 197–202.
23. Zelentsov, V.A. and Pavlov, A.N., Multi-Criterion Analysis of Influence Exerted on Efficiency of a Complex System by Individual Components, Inform.-Upravl. Sist., 2010, no. 6, pp. 7–12.
24. Kretov, S.I., Ismagilov, R.I., Badtiev, B.P., Sharkovskii, D.O., Pavlovich, A.A., and Sviridenko, A.S., Integrated Stability Monitoring of External Dumps Composed of Rocks Having Low Load-Bearing Capacity on Weak Bottom Ground at Mikhailovsky GOK, Gorn. Prom., 2019, no. 3, pp. 15–19.
25. Cheskidov, V., Kassymkanova, K.-K., Lipina, A., and Bornman, M., Modern Methods of Monitoring and Predicting the State of Slope Structures, E3S Web of Conferences, 2019, vol. 105, article ID 01001.
26. Zhabko, A., Volkomorova, N., and Zhabko, N., Theoretical Basis for Calculation of the Quarries Sides for Collapse, E3S Web of Conferences, 2020, vol. 177, article ID 01004.
27. Protosenya, A.G. and Kutepov, Yu. Yu., Stability Estimation of Hydraulic Fills in Undermined Areas, Min. Inform. Analyt. Bulletin, 2019, no. 3, pp. 97–112.
28. Yutiaev, E., Meshkov, A., Popov, A., and Shabarov, A., Allocation of the Geo-Dynamically Hazardous Zones during Intensive Mining of Flat-Lying Coal Seams in the Mines of SUEK-Kuzbass JSC, E3S Web of Conferences, 2019, vol. 134, article ID 01022.
29. Morozov, K., Shabarov, A., Kuranov, A., Belyakov, N., Zuyev, B., Vlasenko, D., Demekhin, D., and Bakhtin, E., Geodynamic Monitoring and Its Maintenance Using Modeling by Numerical and Similar Materials Methods, E3S Web of Conferences, 2019, vol. 129, 01012.
30. Ponomarenko, M.R. and Pimanov, I.Yu., Implementation of Synthetic Aperture Radar and Geoinformation Technologies in the Complex Monitoring and Managing of the Mining Industry Objects, Adv. Intellig. Systems Comput., 2017, vol. 574, pp. 291–299.
31. Zelentsov, V., Potryasaev, S., Pimanov, I., and Semenov, A., Intellectual Information Platform Bringing together Diverse Data and Models for the Interdisciplinary Projects Implementation and Environmental Management, IOP Conf. Series: Earth Environmental Sci., 2020, vol. 509, article ID 012061.
32. Zelentsov, V.A., Alabyan, A.M., Krylenkoet, I.N., Pimanova, L.I., Ponomarenko, M.R., Potryasaev, S., Semenov, A., Sobolevskii, V.A., Sokolov, B., Yusupov, R.M., A Model-Oriented System for Operational Forecasting of River Floods, Vestn. Russ. Akad. Nauk, 2019, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 405–417.
33. Ponomarenko, M.R., Kutepov, Yu.I., Volkov, M.A., and Grinuk, A.P., Satellite Methods within Integrated Land Surface Deformation Monitoring in a Mine Field, Min. Inform. Analyt. Bulletin, 2020, no. 12, pp. 103–113.
34. Ponomarenko, M.R. and Kutepov, Yu.I., Using the Typification of Mining-Engineering Facilities to Substantiate Deformation Monitoring of Opencast Mining, Izv. UGGU, 2020, no. 4, pp. 115–122.
35. Kantemirov, Yu.I., Baranov, Yu.B., Kiselevskii, E.V., Bilyanskii, V.V., Nikiforov, S.E., Gryaznov, V.G., Bolsunovskii, M.A., and Lanzl, R., Deformations of Buildings and Structures in Built-Up Areas of Oil and Gas Mining Leases in the Far North, Zap. GI, 2010, no. 185, pp. 247–249.

ORE AND BACKFILL DILUTION IN UNDERGROUND HARD ROCK MINING
M. N. Bagde

CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Nagpur Research Center,
17/C, Telangkhedi, Nagpur, India
e-mail: mnbagde@cimfr.nic.in

The ore dilution is generally defined as the degradation of economical and valuable ore with the addition of the unwanted host rock, failed backfilled material and or ore material considered below the cut-off the grade. The importance of ore dilution on the profitability of a mining operation is very well known and also well documented, since, it adds to the cost of mining, hauling, transportation, milling and processing etc. It also differs from one mining operation to another, the ore type being extracted, the type of the host rock present and type of mining method applied, type of backfilling method and material used, including other mining parameters. The ore dilution is generally expected at all stages of mining operation including the very first step of stoping in the case of hard rock mining, where, the low-grade ore is extracted un-intentionally or intentionally to insure the safe mining environment including excavation stability and or towards the easy movement of men and machineries. It is well known that the numerous parameters including mining and rock mechanics influence the occurrence of ore dilution in the case of underground hard rock mining. Herewith, through review study, the problem of ore dilution, various factors affecting dilution, its measurement and possible control measures is discussed.

Ore dilution, backfill, hard rock mining, stoping, measurement, control measures

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060120

REFERENCES
1. Bawden, W.F., The Use of Rock Mechanics Principles in Canadian Underground Hard Rock Mine Design, Comprehensive Rock Eng., Vol. V, Hudson, J.A. (Chief Ed.), Pergamon Press, 1993.
2. Tatman, C.R., Mining Dilution in Moderate and Narrow Width Deposits, Underground Min. Methods—Eng. Fundamentals and Int. Case Studies, Hustrulid, W.A. and Bullock, R.L. (Eds.), SME Publications, 2001.
3. Cowling, R., 25 Years of Mine Filling Developments and Directions, Proc. of the 6th Int. Symp. on Mining with Backfill, Brsibane, Australia, 1998.
4. Stacey, T.R. and Kirsten, H. A. D., Backfill Support in Deep Level Tabular Mining—Predicted Performance at Great Depth, Rock at Great Depth, Maury & Fourmaintraux (Eds.), Balkema, Rotterdam, 1989, ISBN 9061919754.
5. Henning, J.G. and Mitri, H.S., Numerical Modeling of Ore Dilution in Blasthole Stoping, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2007, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 692–703.
6. Henning, J.G. and Mitri, H.S., Assessment and Control of Ore Dilution in Longhole Mining: Case Studies, Geotech. Geol. Eng., 2008, vol. 26, pp. 349–366.
7. Mouhabbis, H. Z. E., Mitri, H.S., Bedard, N., and Lecomte, E., Effect of Stope Undercutting on Its Wall Overbreak, Proc. 43rd US Rock Mechanics Symp., Asheville, NC, 2009, Paper No. ARMA 09–200.
8. Hughes, R., Mitri, H.S., and Lecomte, E., Examining the Influence of Stope Strike Length on Unplanned Ore Dilution in Narrow Vein Longitudinal Mining, Proc. 44th US Rock Mechanics Symp. and 5th U.S.—Canada Rock Mech. Symp., Salt Lake City, UT, 2010, Paper No. ARMA 10–392.
9. Dunne, K. and Pakalnis, R., Dilution Aspects of a Sublevel Retreat Stope at Detour Lake Mine, Rock Mechanics Tools and Techniques, Vol. I, Aubertin, M., Hassani, F., and Mitri, H.S. (Eds.), 1996, Balkema, pp. 305–313.
10. Brechtel, C.E. and Hardy, M.P., Design of Pillars with Backfill Interaction—A Case Study, Comprehensive Rock Eng., Vol. II, Hudson, J.A. (Chief Ed.), Pergamon Press, 1993.
11. Brechtel, C.E., Struble, G.R. and Guenther, B., Underhand Cut-and-Fill Mining at the Murray Mine, Jerritt Canyon Joint Venture, Chapter 38,: Underground Min. Methods—Eng. Fundamentals and International Case Studies, Hustrulid, W.A. and Bullock, R.L. (Eds.), 2001, SME Publications, pp. 333–337.
12. Yu, T.R., Some Factors Relating to the Stability of Consolidated Rockfill at Kidd Creek, Innovations in Mining Backfill Technology, Hassani et al. (Eds.), 1989, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 279–286.
13. Lilley, C.R. and Chitombo, G. P. F., Development of a Near Field Damage Model for Cemented Hydraulic Fill, Proc. Minefill’98, Brisbane, 1998.
14. Bagde, M.N. and Mitri, H.S., Numerical Analysis of Backfill Failure due to Adjacent Stope Mining, Proc. Int. Conf. on Ground Improvement & Ground Control—Transport Infrastructure Development and Natural Hazards Mitigation, Univ. Wollongong, Australia, 2012.
15. Bagde, M.N. and Mitri. H.S., Numerical Analysis of Backfill Face Stability, Proc. Conf. Earth and Planetary Science—Global Challenges, Policy Framework & Sustainable Development for Min. of Min. & Fossil Energy Resources 2015–20, KNIT Surathakal, India, 2015. DOI:10.1016/j.proeps.2015.06.021.
16. Bagde, M.N., Emad, M.Z., Mitri, H.S., Thibodeau, D., Isagon, I., and Gustas, B., Examining the Influence of Stope Dimensions and Mining Sequence on Backfill Dilution: A Review with Case Study, Proc. Int. Conf. on Technological Challenges and Management Issues for Sustainability of Mining Industries (TMSMI), NIT Rourkela, India, 2011.
17. Hassani, F.P., Mortazavi, A., and Shabani, M., An Investigation of Mechanisms Involved in Backfill-Rock Mass Behavior in Narrow Vein Mining, J. Southern African Institute of Min. and Metallurgy, 2008, vol. 106, pp. 463–472.
18. Emad, M.Z., Dynamic Performance of Cemented Rockfill under Blast-Induced Vibrations, Ph. D. Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, 2013.
19. Gool, B.S., Effects of Blasting on the Stability of Paste Fill Stopes at Cannington Mine, Ph. D. Thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, 2007.
20. Maclssac, H.S. and Swan, G., Case Study: Strathcona Deep Copper Mine, Underground Min. Methods—Eng. Fundamentals and Int. Case Studies, Hustrulid, W.A. and Bullock, R.L. (Eds,), SME Publications, 2001, pp. 351–354.
21. Roy, R.L., Evolution of Undercut-and-Fill at SMJ’s Jouac Mine, France. Chapter 42, Underground Min. Methods—Eng. Fundamentals and Int. Case Studies, Hustrulid, W.A. and Bullock, R.L. (Eds.), SME Publications, 2001, pp. 355–357.
22. De, L. V. J., Hard Rock Miner’s Handbook, McIntosh Eng., 2000.
23. Henning, J.G., Mitri, H.S., and Kaiser, P.K., Evaluation of Stress Influences on Ore Dilution: A Case Study, Proc. DC Rocks 2001: Rock Mech. in the National Interest, 38th U. S. Rock Mechanics Symp., 2001.
24. Clark, L.M. and Pakalnis, R., An Empirical Design Approach for Estimating Unplanned Dilution from Open Stope Hanging Walls and Footwalls, Proc. 99th CIM Annual General Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, 1997.
25. Pakalnis, R., Poulin, R., and Hadjigeorgiou, J., Quantifying the Cost Dilution in Underground Mines, Min. Eng., 1995, vol. 47, no. 12.
26. Brady, B. H. G. and Brown, E.T., Rock Mechanics for Underground Mining, 3rd Edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York-Boston-Dordrechit-London-Moscow, 2004.

MINERAL DRESSING

RARE METAL AND RARE EARTH RECOVERY FROM SILICA GEL—EUDIALYTE CONCENTRATE LEACHING PRODUCT
V. A. Chanturia, A. L. Samusev*, V. G. Minenko, and G. A. Kozhevnikov

Academician Melnikov Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources—IPKON, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 111020 Russia
*e-mail: samusev_al@ipkonran.ru

The effect of various parameters (S : L ratio, duration, temperature and intensity of ultrasonic treatment) on recovery efficiency of zirconium and rare earth elements (REE) in dissolution of silica gel is investigated. The leaching process optimization is performed using the method of Taguchi L9 orthogonal array and the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The recovery of zirconium and REE from silica gel to pregnant solution at the optimized dissolution parameters is 47.95 and 56.17%, respectively. The ANOVA method shows that contribution of ultrasonic treatment in the recovery of zirconium and REE equals 89.6 and 59.6%.

Silica gel, zirconium, rare earth elements, dissolution, recovery, optimal parameters

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060132

REFERENCES
1. Savel’eva, I.L., The Rare-Earth Metals Industry of Russia: Present Status, Resource Conditions of Development, Geography and Natural Resources, 2011, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 65–71. doi.org/ 10.1134/ S1875372811010112.
2. Kuleshevich, L.V. and Dmitrieva, А.V., Rare-Earth Mineralization in Alkaline and Moderately Alkaline Complexes of Karelia, Associated Metasomatites and Ores, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2019, no. 3. DOI: 10.17580/gzh.2019.03.09.
3. Rastsvetaeva, R.K., Structural Mineralogy of the Eudialyte Group: A Review, Crystallography Reports, 2007, vol. 52, pp. 47–64.
4. Forrester, K., Leijd, M., Oczlon, M., Holmstrom, H., and Saxon, M., Beneficiation of Rare Earth Element Enriched Eudialyte from the Norra Karr Peralkaline Intrusion with Wet High Intensity Magnetic Separation, Conf. of Metallurgists, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Vancouver, 2014.
5. Zakharov, V.I., Skiba, G.S., Solov’ev, А.V., Lebedev, V.N., and Mayorov, D.V., Some Aspects of Acid Processing of Eudialyte, Tsvet. Metally, 2011, no. 11, pp. 25–29.
6. Lebedev, V.N., Sulfuric Acid Technology of Eudialyte Concentrate, Zhurn. Prikl. Khimii, 2003, vol. 76, no. 10, pp. 1601–1605.
7. Lebedev, V.N., Shchur, Т.Е., Mayorov, D.V., Popova, L.А., and Serkova, R.P., Features of Acid Decomposition of Eudialyte and Some Rare Metal Concentrates of the Kola Peninsula, Zhurn. Prikl. Khimii, 2003, vol. 76, no. 8, pp. 1233–1237.
8. Zakharov, V.I., Voskoboinikov, N.B., Skiba, G.S., Solov’ev, А.V., Mayorov, D.V., and Matveev, V.А., Development of Hydrochloric Acid Technology for Complex Processing of Eudialyte, Zap. Gorn. Inst., 2005, vol. 165, pp. 83–85.
9. Bogatyreva, Е.V., Chub, А.V., Ermilov, А.G., and Khokhlova, О.V., Efficiency of the Alkaline Acid Method for Complex Leaching of Eudialyte Concentrate. Part I, Tsvet. Metally, 2018, no. 7, pp. 57–61.
10. Bogatyreva, Е.V., Chub, А.V., Ermilov, А.G., and Khokhlova, О.V., Efficiency of the Alkaline Acid Method for Complex Leaching of Eudialyte Concentrate. Part II, Tsvet. Metally, 2018, no. 8, pp. 69–74.
11. Ma, Y., Stopic, S., and Friedrich, B., Hydrometallurgical Treatment of an Eudialyte Concentrate for Preparation of Rare Earth Carbonate, Johnson Matthey Tech. Rev., 2019, vol. 63, pp. 2–13.
12. Jha, M.K., Kumari, A., Panda, R., Kumar, J.R., Yoo, K., and Lee, J.Y., Review on Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Rare Earth Metals, Hydrometallurgy, 2016, vol. 165, pp. 2–26.
13. Ma, Y., Stopic, S., Gronen, L., and Friedrich, B., Recovery of Zr, Hf, Nb from Eudialyte Residue by Sulfuric Acid Dry Digestion and Water Leaching with H2O2 as a Promoter, Hydrometallurgy, 2018, vol. 181, pp. 206–214.
14. Ma, Y., Stopic, S., Gronen, L., Milivojevic, M., Obradovic, S., and Friedrich, B., Neural Network Modeling for the Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Eudialyte Concentrate by Dry Digestion and Leaching, J. Metals, 2018, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 267.
15. Johnsen, O., Ferraris, G., Gault, R., Joel, D.G., Kampf, A., and Pekov, I., The Nomenclature of Eudialyte-Group Minerals, The Canadian Mineralogist, 2003, vol. 41, pp. 785–794.
16. Davris, P., Stopic, S., Balomenos, E., Panias, D., Paspaliaris, I., and Friedrich, B., Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from Eudialyte Concentrate by Suppressing Silica Gel Formation, J. Min. Eng., 2017, vol. 108, pp. 115–122.
17. Vaccarezza, V. and Anderson, C., Beneficiation and Leaching Study of Norra Karr Eudialyte Mineral, Kim, H. et al. (Eds.) Rare Metal. Techn., 2018, TMS 2018, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Series, Springer, Cham.
18. Vo?enkaul, D., Birich, A., Muller, N., Stoltz, N., and Friedrich, B., Hydrometallurgical Processing of Eudialyte Bearing Concentrates to Recover Rare Earth Elements via Low-Temperature Dry Digestion to Prevent the Silica Gel Formation, J. Sustain. Metal., 2016, vol. 3, pp. 79–89.
19. Balinski, A., Atanasova, P., Wiche, O., Kelly, N., Reyter, A.M., and Scharf, C., Recovery of REEs, Zr(Hf), Mn and Nb by H2SO4 Leaching of Eudialyte Concentrate, Hydrometallurgy, 2019, vol. 186, pp. 176–86.
20. Artiushenko, O., Kostenko, L., and Zaitsev, V., Influence of Competitive Eluting Agents on REEs Recovery from Silica Gel Adsorbent with Immobilized Aminodiphosphonic Acid, J. of Environmental Chemical Eng., 2020, vol. 8, no. 4, 103883, DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.103883.
21. Chanturia, V.A., Minenko, V.G., Samusev, А.L., Koporulina, Е.V., and Ryazantseva, М.V., Fracture of Structured Rocks and Materials in Nonuniform Stress Fields, J. Min. Sci., 2020, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 631–641.
22. Taguchi, G., System of Experimental Design: Engineering Methods to Optimize Quality and Minimize Costs, Kraus Int. Publications, 1987.
23. Ni’am, A.C., Wang, Y.F., Chen, S.W., and You, S.J., Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Waste Permanent Magnet (WPMs) via Selective Leaching Using the Taguchi Method, J. of the Taiwan Institute of Chem. Eng., 2019, vol. 97, pp. 137–145.
24. Mondal, S., Paul, B., Kumar, V., Singh, D.K., and Chakravartty, J.K., Parametric Optimization for Leaching of Cobalt from Sukinda Ore of Lateritic Origin—A Taguchi Approach, Separation and Purification Technology, 2015, vol. 156, no. 2, pp. 827–834.
25. Srivalli, H. and Nagarajan, R., Mechanistic Study of Ultrasound Assisted Solvent Leaching of Sodium and Potassium from an Indian Coal Using Continuous and Pulsed Modes of Operation, Chem. Eng. Commun., 2019, vol. 206, no. 2, pp. 207–226.

THE USE OF TECFLOTE FAMILY COLLECTORS IN COPPER–NICKEL ORE FLOTATION
E. V. Chernousenko* and Yu. S. Kameneva**

Mining Institute, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209 Russia
*e-mail: atletik-2010@yandex.ru
**e-mail: Dgeremi@mail.ru

Tecflote non-ionic organic agents are investigated as potential flotation collectors for copper–nickel sulfide ores. Adsorbability of four Tecflote agents having different-structure alkyl radicals and different numbers of functional groups is analyzed. The efficiency of the agents toward copper- and nickel-bearing minerals is estimated in non-frothing flotation of ore samples treated with chalcopyrite and pentlandite–pyrrhotine. The behavior specificity of Tecflote agents as compared with sulfhydryl collectors is illustrated. Tecflote agents are more active relative to nickel-bearing minerals. The flotation tests prove that inclusion of Tecflote collectors as additives to standard flotation regime enhances efficiency of the process. Partial replacement of xanthate favors higher recovery of copper and nickel in flotation froth at lower recovery of nickel in flotation tailings.

Copper–nickel ore, chalcopyrite, pentlandite, pyrrhotine, flotation, sulfhydryl collectors, complexing agents, Tecflote collectors

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060144

REFERENCES
1. Chanturia, V.A., Innovative Processes of Comprehensive and Deep Processing of Complex Minerals. Innovative Processes of Comprehensive Processing of Natural and Man-Made Minerals, Proc. Int. Conf. Plaksin’s Lectures, Apatity, 2020.
2. Algebraistova, N.К., Mikheev, V.G., Markova, S.А., Gaivoronskaya, М.V., Kondrat’eva, А.А., Groo, А.А., and Razvyaznaya, А.V., Engineering Evaluation of Processing Disseminated Copper–Nickel Ore, GIAB, 2013, no. 2, pp. 57–67.
3. Shubov, L.Ya., Flotatsionnye reagenty v protsessakh obogashcheniya mineral’nogo syr’ya (Flotation Agents in Mineral Processing), Moscow: Nedra, 1990.
4. Marabini, A. and Barbaro, M., Chelating Reagents for Flotation of Sulphide Minerals, Sulphide Deposits—Their Origin and Proc., Springer, Dordrecht, 1990.
5. Ackerman, P.K., Use of Chelating Agents as Collectors in the Flotation of Copper Sulfides and Pyrite, Miner. Metall. Proc., 1999, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 27–35.
6. Matveeva, Т.N. and Gromova, N.К., Effect of Mercaptobenzothiazole and Dithiophosphate in the Flotation of Au- and Pt-bearing Minerals, GIAB, Instalment: Mineral Dressing: Collection of Sci. Papers based on the Materials of Miner’s Week Symphosium-2009.
7. Chai, W., Huang, Ya., Peng, W., Han, G., Yijun, C., and Liu, J., Enhanced Separation of Pyrite from High-Sulfur Bauxite Using 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole as Chelate Collector: Flotation Optimization and Interaction Mechanisms, Miner. Eng., 2018, vol. 129, pp. 93–101.
8. Solozhenkin, P.М., Interaction of Thionocarbamates with Clusters of Sulfide Minerals according to Computer Simulation Data, Tsvet. Metallurgiya, 2016, no. 6, pp. 4–13.
9. Bocharov, V.А., Ignatkina, V.А., and Alexeichuk, D.A., New Scientific Approaches to Selecting the Compositions of Sulfhydryl Collectors, the Mechanism of their Action and Substantiation of the Conditions for Selective Flotation of Sulfide Minerals, GIAB, 2013, no. 10, pp. 59–67.
10. Lu, J., Tong, Zh., Yuan, Zh., and Li, L., Investigation on Flotation Separation of Chalcopyrite from Arsenopyrite with a Novel Collector: N-butoxycarbonyl-O-isobutyl Thiocarbamate, Miner. Eng., 2019, vol. 137, pp. 118–123.
11. Forson, Ph., Skinner, W., and Asamoah, R., Decoupling Pyrite and Arsenopyrite in Flotation Using Thionocarbamate Collector, Powder Technol., 2021, vol. 385, pp. 12–20.
12. Huang, X., Huang, K., Wang, Sh., Cao, Zh., and Zhong, H., Synthesis of 2-hydroxyethyl Dibutyldithiocarbamate and its Adsorption Mechanism on Chalcopyrite, Appl. Surface Sci., 2019, vol. 476, pp. 460–467.
13. Huang, X., Jia, Yu., Cao, Zh., Wang, Sh., Ma, X., and Zhong, H., Investigation of the Interfacial Adsorption Mechanisms of 2-hydroxyethyl Dibutyldithiocarbamate Surfactant on Galena and Sphalerite, Colloids and Surfaces, Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2019, vol. 583.
14. Hamilton, D., Natarajan, R., and Nirdosh, I., Sphalerite Flotation Using an Arylhydroxamic Acid Collector: Improving Grade while Using a Reduced Amount of Copper Sulfate for Activation, Industrial Eng. Chemistry Res., 2009, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 5584–5589.
15. Lee, K., Archibald, D., McLean, J., and Reuter, M.A., Flotation of Mixed Copper Oxide and Sulphide Minerals with Xanthate and Hydroxamate Collectors, Miner. Eng., 2009, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 395–401.
16. Elizondo-Alvarez, M.A., Uribe-Salas, A., and Nava-Alonso, F., Flotation Studies of Galena (PbS), Cerussite (PbCO3) and Anglesite (PbSO4) with Hydroxamic Acids as Collectors, Miner. Eng., 2020, vol. 155.
17. Chekanova, L.G., Zabolotnykh, S.А., Kharitonova, А.V., El’chishcheva, Yu.B., and Yurovskikh, Е.S., Hydrazides of Branched Carboxylic Acids—Reagents for Recovery Flotation of Minerals of Non-Ferrous Metals, Vestn. Perm. Univ., 2019, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 359–370.
18. Chekanova, L.G., Radushev, А.V., Baigacheva, Е.V., and Chernova, G.V., New Collectors for Sulfide Ore Flotation, Obogashch. Rud, 2009, no. 9, pp. 34–36.
19. Mitrofanova, G.V., Chernousenko, Е.V., Bazarova, Е.А., and Tyukin, А.P., Search for New Complexing Agents for Flotation of Copper-Nickel Ores, Tsvet. Metally, 2019, no. 11, pp. 27–33.
20. Holness, T., An Investigation of the Adsorption Mechanism of an Aliphatic Nitrile (Tecflote S11) on Sulphide Mineral Surfaces, Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository, 2020.
21. Lewis, A. and Lima, O., Tecflote—New Collector Chemistry for Sulfide Flotation, Procemin Geomet, 14th Int. Miner. Proc. Conf., Santiago, Chile, 2018.
22. Schach, E., Lewis, A., and Rudolph, M., Investigations on the Working Mechanism of the Nitrile Based Sulfide Collector Tecflote TM, Conference: MEI Flotation, Cape Town, South Africa, 2019.

MINERALIZATION KINETICS OF AIR BUBBLES WITH COARSE SPHALERITE PARTICLES IN BRACKISH SOLUTIONS OF SULFHYDRYL COLLECTORS
A. A. Nikolaev

National University of Science and Technology—NUST MISIS, Moscow, 119049 Russia
e-mail: nikolaevopr@mail.ru

The article describes the studies into the mineralization kinetics of air bubbles with non-activated and activated sphalerite particles 74–100 µm in size in brackish solutions of sulfhydryl collectors. The test collectors were isopropyl potassium xanthate and isopropyl sodium dithiophosphate (Aeroflot), and the test activator was copper sulfate. The tests provided new data on the mineralization kinetics of air bubbles with sphalerite particles in brackish solutions. The mineralization kinetics test procedure and the new data on the air bubble mineralization rate and intensity can be a framework for the science-based selection of flotation agents (collectors, activators, etc.).

Mineralization kinetics, sphalerite, flotation in sea water, flotation in brackish water, particle–bubble attachment, isopropyl potassium xanthate, isopropyl sodium dithiophosphate, activated sphalerite, coarse particle flotation

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060156

REFERENCES
1. Bogdanov, O.S., Maksimov, I.I., Podnek, A.K., and Yanis, N.A., Teoriya i tekhnologiya flotatsii rud (Theory and Technology of Ore Flotation), Moscow: Nedra, 1990.
2. Abramov, А.А., Tekhnologiya obogashcheniya rud tsvetnykh metallov (Technology of Concentration of Non-Ferrous Metal Ores), Moscow: Nedra, 1983.
3. Laskowski, J. and Castro, S., Flotation in Concentrated Electrolyte Solutions, Int. J. Min. Proc., 2015, vol. 144, pp. 50–55.
4. Ramos, O., Castro, S., and Laskowski, J.S., Copper–Molybdenum Ores Flotation in Sea Water: Floatability and Frothability, Min. Eng., 2013, vol. 53, pp. 108–112.
5. Li, W. and Li, Y., Improved Understanding of Chalcopyrite Flotation in Seawater Using Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Min. Eng., 2019, vol. 134, pp. 269–274.
6. Rebolledo, E., Laskowski, J.S., Gutierrez, L., and Castro, S., Use of Dispersants in Flotation of Molybdenite in Seawater, Min. Eng., 2017, vol. 100, pp. 71–74.
7. Mu, Y. and Peng, Y., The Effect of Saline Water on Copper Activation of Pyrite in Chalcopyrite Flotation, Min. Eng., 2019, vol. 131, pp. 336–341.
8. Suyantara, G. P. W., Hirajima, T., Miki, H., and Sasaki, K., Floatability of Molybdenite and Chalcopyrite in Artificial Seawater, Min. Eng., 2018, vol. 115, pp. 117–130.
9. Hirajima, T., Suyantara, G.P., Ichikawa, O., Elmahdy, A.M., Miki, H., and Sasaki, K., Effect of Mg2+ and Ca2+ as Divalent Seawater Cations on the Floatability of Molybdenite and Chalcopyrite, Min. Eng., 2016, vol. 96–97, pp. 83–93.
10. Wang, B. and Peng, Y., The Effect of Saline Water on Mineral Flotation—A Critical Review, Min. Eng., 2014, vol. 66–68, pp. 13–24.
11. Chanturia, V.А. and Vigdergauz, V.Е., Elektrokhimiya sul’fidov. Teoriya i praktika (Electrochemistry of Sulfides. Theory and Practice), Moscow: Ruda i Metally, 2008.
12. Chanturia, V.А. and Vigdergauz, V.Е., Theory and Practice of Mineral Wettability Contrast Enhancement, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2005, no. 4, pp. 59–63.
13. Kondrat’ev, S.А. and Ryaboi, V.I., Evaluation of the Collective Force of Dithiophosphates and Its Relationship with the Selectivity of Useful Component Recovery, Obogashch. Rud, 2015, no. 2 (357), pp. 25–31.
14. Kondrat’ev, S.А., Fizicheskaya formula sorbtsii i yeye naznacheniye vo flotatsii (Physical Formula of Sorption and its Purpose in Flotation), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2018.
15. Nikolaev, А.А., Konyrova, А., and Goryachev, B.Е., Study of Mineralization Kinetics of Air Bubble in a Suspension of Activated and Non-Activated Sphalerite, Obogashch. Rud, 2020, no. 1, pp. 26–31.
16. Nikolaev, А.А., So, Т., and Goryachev, B.Е., On the Kinetics of Air Bubble Mineralization with Sphalerite in Conditions of Using Thiol Collectors and their Compositions, Obogashch. Rud, 2016, no. 5 (365), pp. 14–18.

GEOINFORMATION SCIENCE

DIGITAL TWIN OF SOLID MINERAL DEPOSIT
O. V. Nagovitsyn* and A. V. Stepacheva**

Mining Institute, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209 Russia
*e-mail: o.nagovitsyn@ksc.ru
**e-mail: stepacheva@mineframe.ru

In view of rapid digitalization in the mining business, the authors highlight some associate problems. The definition of a digital twin is explained, and the difference of a digital twin of a solid mineral deposit from the other digital twins in the industry is described. The key function of a digital twin of a mineral deposit consists in updating of the deposit representation and in the use of the updated data in reasoned decision-making concerning mining development. A digital twin is formed using a set of automation tools. The mining and geological information system MINEFRAME integrates and structures the geology and geotechnology data a solid mineral mining in a unified digital space and, thereby, generates a mining plan based on the actual geological information. The methods of geological and geotechnical modeling, including digital twins, enable enhancement of occupational safety and optimization of mining strategy.

Digital twin, solid mineral deposit, digital transformation, MINEFRAME, mining and geological information system, geological modeling

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060168

REFERENCES
1. Lukichev, S.V. and Nagovitsyn, О.V., Digital Transformation of the Mining Industry: Past, Present, Future, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2020, no. 9, pp. 13–18.
2. Gunther, F., Mischo, H., Losch, R., Grehl, S., and Guth, F., Increased Safety in Deep Mining with IoT and Autonomous Robots, Appl. Comp. Operat. Res. in the Miner. Industry Proc. of the 39th Int. Symp. APCOM 2019, Wroclaw, Poland, 2019.
3. Lukichev, S.V. and Nagovitsyn, О.V., Mining and Geological Information Systems, Scope and Design Features, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin, 2016, no. 7, pp. 71–83.
4. Dyson, N., Syama’s Automation Surge. https://www.miningmagazine.com/technology-innovation/news/ 1387604/syama%E2%80%99s-automation-surge. Application date 06.09.2021.
5. Huang, L., Balamurali, M., and Silversides, K.L., Machine Learning Classification of Geochemical and Geophysical Data, Appl. Comp. Operat. Res. in the Mineral Industry Proc. of the 39th Int. Symp. APCOM 2019, Wroclaw, Poland, 2019.
6. Avalos, S. and Ortiz, J.M., Recursive Convolutional Neural Networks in a Multiple-Point Statistics Framework, Appl. Comp. Operat. Res. in the Mineral Industry Proc. of the 39th Int. Symp. APCOM 2019, Wroclaw, Poland, 2019.
7. Feng, S. and Ding, E., Designing Top Layer in Internet of Things for Underground Mines, Appl. Comp. Operations Res. in the Mineral Industry Proc. of the 39th Int. Symp. APCOM 2019, Wroclaw, Poland, 2019.
8. Anistratov, К.Yu., Otkrytye gornye raboty—XXI vek. Spravochnik. Т. 2 (Open-Pit Mining—XXI Century. Reference Book. Vol. 2), Moscow: ООО Sistema maksimum, 2019.
9. Laptev, V.V., Zvonareva, S.V., and Nevedrov, А.S., Tools for Backfilling Modeling in MINEFRAME, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin, 2019, no. S37, pp. 187–194.
10. Nagovitsyn, G.О., Bilin, А.L., and Zvonareva, S.V., New Opportunities of MGIS MINEFRAME for Process Design and Cost Calculation of Transportation Costs, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin, 2019, no. S37, pp. 241–248.
11. Urazgulov, М.R., MINEFRAME System as the Basis for Building a Digital Model of Mining Operations (on the Example of Uchalinsky MPP JSC), Ratsional’noe osvoenie nedr, 2020, no. 2, pp. 54–58.
12. Laptev, V.V., Smagin, А.V., and Gurin, К.P., Automated Tools for Processing Survey Data in MGIS MINEFRAME, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin, 2019, no. S37, pp. 195–204.
13. Lukichev, S.V., Nagovitsyn, О.V., Ilyin, Е.А., and Rudin, R.S., Digital Technologies for Engineering Support of Mining Operations—First Step to Smart Production Mining, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2018, no. 7, pp. 86–90.
14. Coombes, J., I’d Like to be OK with MIK, UC: A Critique of Mineral Resource Estimation Techniques, Perth: Coombes Capability, 2016.
15. Gardan, I. et al., Mathe?matiques et CAO, Volume 1, Paris: Herme?s, 1986.
16. Kaputin, Yu.Е., Gornye kompyuternye tekhnologii i geostatistika (Mining Computer Technologies and Geostatistics), Saint Petersburg: Nedra, 2002.

MINING ECOLOGY AND SUBSOIL MANAGEMENT

Radiation Properties of Coal and Barren Rocks: Geotechnical Applications
S. M. Nikitenko*, Yu. F. Patrakov, M. S. Nikitenko, S. A. Kizilov, and Yu. A. Kharlampenkova

Federal Research Center for Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Kemerovo, 650065 Russia
*e-mail: nsm.nis@mail.ru

The article presents the studies into accumulation, distribution patterns and concentration conditions of radioactive elements in natural coal. The distribution patterns of radioactive elements in coal as function of its grade are also found. The application range of radiation properties of coal and barren rocks is substantiated for identifying the coal–barren rocks interface in longwall top coal caving with gravity coal flow to AFC. The working capacity of the nuclear geophysics method with metallic shielding of a responsive indicator is proved experimentally.

Radiation properties, gamma-radiation, gamma-method, nuclear geophysics method, coal, barren rocks, mining technology, longwall top coal caving, coal flow to AFC, coal–barren rock interface

DOI: 10.1134/S106273912106017X

REFERENCES
1. Yudovich, Ya.E. and Ketris, М.P., Tsennye elementy-primesi v uglyakh (Valuable Impurity Elements in Coals), Yekaterinburg: Institut geologii UrO RAN, 2006.
2. Arbuzov, S.I. and Mashen’kin, V.S., Radioactive Elements in Caustobioliths of Northern Asia, Proc. of the 5th Int. Conf. on Radioactivity and Radioactive Elements in Human Habitat, Tomsk, 2016.
3. Ishkhanov, B.I. and Tretyakova, Т.Yu., Path to Superheavy Elements, VMU, Ser. 3. Fizika. Astronomiya, 2017, no. 3, pp. 3–20.
4. Audi, G., Bersillon, O., Blachot, J., and Wapstra, A.H., The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties, Nuclear Physics A, 2003, vol. 729, pp. 3–128.
5. The Element Uranium. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility—Office of Science Education. Application date 15.03.2018.
6. Skurskiy, М.D., Nedra Zemli. Mestorozhdeniya, metallogeniya (Earth’s Interior. Deposits, Metallogeny), Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat, 2014.
7. Nifantov, B.F., Artem’ev, V.B., Yasyuchenya, S.V., Anferov, B.А., and Kuznetsova, L.V., Geokhimicheskoe i geotekhnologicheskoe obosnovanie novykh napravlenii osvoyeniya ugol’nykh mestorozhdenii Kuzbassa. T. 1, kn. 4 (Geochemical and Geotechnological Justification of New Trends for Mining Coal Deposits in Kuzbass. Vol. 1, Book 4), Moscow: Gornoe delo, 2014.
8. Krylov, D.А. and Sidorova, G.P., Estimation of the Content of Radioactive Elements in Coals and Products of their Combustion, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin, 2015, no. 7, pp. 369–376.
9. Ovcharenko, N.V., Assessment of the Effect of Mining Coals with a High Content of Natural Radionuclides on the Quality of Coal Products and Environmental Conditions, Cand. Tech. Sci. Thesis, Moscow: MISiS, 2020.
10. Grechukhin, V.V., Geofizicheskie metody issledovaniya ugol’nykh skvazhin (Geophysical Methods for Studying Coal Seam Gas Wells), Moscow: Nedra, 1965.
11. Klishin, V.I., Shundulidi, I.А., Ermakov, А.Yu., and Solov’ev, А.S., Tekhnologiya razrabotki zapasov moshchnykh pologikh plastov s vypuskom uglya (Technology for Mining Reserves of Thick Gently Sloping Seams with Gravity Coal Flow), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2013.
12. Klishin, V.I., Opruk, G.Yu., Varfolomeev, Е.L., and Borisov, I.L., Interaction of Powered Supports with Interlayer Strata in Systems with Gravity Coal Flow, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin, 2018, no. 11 (special issue no. 48), pp. 87–94.

INSIGHT INTO MINERALOGY OF. A. LOW-GRADE MANGANESE ORE FOR SEPARATION
Jin Liu, Rui He, Xing Xing, Zhi Wang, and Tao Xiong*

College of Safety Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology,
Chongqing, 401331 China
School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney,
Kensington, NSW, 2052 Australia
SLon Magnetic Separator Ltd., Ganzhou, 314000 China
*e-mail: 842096493@qq.com

In this study, the use of XRF, XRD and other instruments found that the manganese content in the ore was 14.53%, and the main forms were carbonate, iron manganese oxide and manganese oxide. Because of the special magnetic susceptibility of these minerals, the magnetic separation method was chosen to improve the grade of manganese ore, and the conventional magnetic separator of –30 mm and –15 mm was proposed to separate manganese ore, and 4 kinds of concentrates were obtained according to market demand. At the same time, it was found that the grade of middling obtained after sorting was relatively low, and the selection index of 15~0 mm was better than 30~0 mm. Therefore, 15~0 mm is selected for the re-concentration test of middling. The result shows that the grade of concentrate obtained by re-concentration of middling is 23.26%, which is 2.33% higher than that of non-concentrated ore concentrate, and the comprehensive concentrate obtained can be subdivided 3 different products, which can be flexibly adjusted according to market requirements.

Mineralogy, low-grade manganese ore, magnetic separation, concentrate

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060181

REFERENCES
1. Xu, Hai, Gao, et al., Genesis for Rare Earth Elements Enrichment in the Permian Manganese Deposits in Zunyi, Guizhou Province, SW China, J. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2020, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 94–106.
2. Romie D. Laranjo and Nathaniel M. Anacleto, Direct Smelting Process for Stainless Steel Crude Alloy Recovery from Mixed Low-Grade Chromite, Nickel Laterite and Manganese Ores, J. of Iron and Steel Res. Int., 2018, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 515–523.
3. Sundqvist, S., Khalilian, N., Leion, H., et al., Manganese Ores as Oxygen Carriers for Chemical-Looping Combustion (CLC) and Chemical-Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU), J. Env. Chem. Eng., 2017, vol. 5, no. 3.
4. Zhina Liu, Hong Xu, Qiushu Wang, and Mei Chen, The Supply and Demand Status and Sustainable Development Recommendations of Chinese Manganese Ores, Resources and Industries, 2015, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 38–43.
5. Jiawei, C., Huan, L., Xin, L.I., et al., Study on Process Mineralogy of Low Grade Manganese Carbonate Ore in Xiangxi Area, J. Industrial Miner. Proces., 2019.
6. Lotter, N.O., Kormos, L.J., Oliveira, J., Fragomeni, D., and Whiteman, E., Modern Process Mineralogy: Two Case Studies, Miner. Eng., 2011, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 638–650.
7. Chanturiya E. L., Bashlykova, T.V., Potkonen, N.I., et al., Poor Manganese Ore Dressing on the Basis of Mineralogical-Technological Studies, Developments in Mineral Processing, 2000, 13, pp. C2–1–C2–7.
8. Brusnitsyn, A.I., Mineralogy and Metamorphism Conditions of Manganese Ore at the South Faizulino Deposit, The Southern Urals, Russia, Geology of Ore Deposits, 2006, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 193–214.
9. Gutzmer, J. and Beukes, N.J., Mineralogy and Mineral Chemistry of Oxide-Facies Manganese Ores of the Postmasburg Manganese Field, South Africa, Mineralogical Magazine, 1997, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 213–231.
10. Lee, M.R. and Smith, C.L., Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Using a SEM: Applications to Mineralogy and Petrology, Mineralogical Magazine, 2006, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 579–590.
11. Mark Paine, Uwe Konig, and Emma Staples, Application of Rapid X-Ray Diffraction (Xrd) and Cluster Analysis to Grade Control of Iron Ores, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012, vol. 6, no. 15.
12. Malayoglu, U., Study on the Gravity Processing of Manganese Ores, Asian J. of Chemistry, 2010, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 3292–3298.
13 Grigorova, I., Studies and possibilities of low grade manganese ore beneficiation, XXII World Mining Congress, 2011, pp. 593–598.
14. Shi, C., Deli, M.A., Xie, Y., et al., Flotation Production Practice in Low-grade of Carbonic-acid Manganese Ore, J. Chinas Manganese Industry, 2012, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 36–38.
15. Sunil Kumar Tripathy, Banerjee, P.K., and Nikkam Suresh, Effect of Desliming on the Magnetic Separation of Low-Grade Ferruginous Manganese Ore, Int. J. Miner., Metall. and Materials, 2015, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 661–673.
16. Rajabzadeh Ali M., Moosavinasab, Z., Mineralogy and Distribution of Platinum-Group Minerals (PGM) and Other; Solid Inclusions in the Faryab Ophiolitic Chromitites, Southern Iran, Mineralogy and Petrology, 2013, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 943–962.
17. Luzheng Chen and Dahe Xiong, Magnetic Techniques for Mineral Processing, Progress in Filtration and Separation, Elsevier Publisher, 2015, pp. 287–324.
18. Jianwu Zeng, Luzheng Chen, Ruoyu Yang, Xiong Tong, Peng Ren, and Yongming Zheng, Centrifugal High Gradient Magnetic Separation of Fine Ilmenite, Int. J. of Mineral Processing, 2017, vol. 168, pp. 48–54.
19. Grethe Hystad, Robert, T. Downs, Edward, S. Grew, Robert, M. Hazen, Statistical Analysis of Mineral Diversity and Distribution: Earth’s Mineralogy is Unique, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2015, vol. 426, pp. 154–157.
20. Yimiao Nie, Fusheng Niu, and Yue Zhang, Application and Development of Process Mineralogy in Mineral Processing, China Mining Magazine, 2011, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 121–123.

STUDY ON GRANITE CRUSHING LAW UNDER ULTRASONIC MULTI-PARAMETER VIBRATION BASED ON MICROSCOPIC DAMAGE
Peng Yuan

China Railway Design Corporation, Tianjin, 300308 China
e-mail: 1454462861@qq.com

With continuous increase of mineral resource exploration depth and high-density development of underground space, and in view of problems such as low efficiency, high cost and large energy consumption in conventional hard rock crushing manners, higher requirements have been proposed for rock crushing techniques for the purpose of prolonging the service life of drilling tools and reducing the cost. Through research methods such as theoretical research, experiments and numerical simulation, the optimal multi-parameter combination of ultrasonic vibration is obtained. On this basis, hard rocks can be rapidly damaged in a certain longitudinal depth, and formation of ultrasonic wave frequency resonance fatigue crushed rocks. Meanwhile, due to heterogeneity of particles in rocks and inhomogeneity of the microstructures, dynamic behaviors conducted by rock particle units under vibration are quite complicated. Through systematic analysis of damage rules and failure mechanisms of cracks inside rocks under ultrasonic wave multi-parameter coupling vibration, provide a theoretical basis for technologies of rock crushing with ultrasonic vibration.

Ultrasonic vibration, multi-parameter coupling, orthogonal test, resonance rock crushing, digital image processing

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060193

REFERENCES
1. Songyu, Yin, Dajun, Zhao, and Guobing, Zhai, Investigation into the Characteristics of Rock Damage Caused by Ultrasonic Vibration, Int. J. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences. Sci., 2016, 84, pp. 159–164.
2. Zhong, J.H. et al., Macro-Fracture Mode and Micro-Fracture Mechanism of Shale, Int. J. Pet Explor Dev. Sci., 2015, 42, pp. 269–276.
3. Nikolic, M. and Ibrahimbegovic, A., Rock Mechanics Model Capable of Representing Initial Heterogeneities and Full Set of 3D Failure Mechanisms, Int. J. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. Sci., 2015, pp. 209–227.
4. Wang Yasong, Ma Linjian, Fan Pengxian, and Chen Yan, A Fatigue Damage Model for Rock Salt Considering the Effects of Loading Frequency and Amplitude, Int. J. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology. Sci., 2016, 26(05), pp. 955?958.
5. Erarslan, N. and Williams, D.J., Mechanism of Rock Fatigue Damage in Terms of Fracturing Modes, Int. J. International Journal of Fatigue. Sci., 2012, 43(1), pp. 76–89.
6. Zhechao Wang, Shucai Li, Liping Qiao, and Jiangang Zhao, Fatigue Behavior of Granite Subjected to Cyclic Loading under Triaxial Compression Condition, Int. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. Sci., 2013, 46, pp. 1603–1615.
7. Dajun Zhao and Peng Yuan, Research on the Influence Rule of Ultrasonic Vibration Time on Granite Damage, Int. Journal of Mining Science. Sci., 2018, 54, pp. 751–762.
8. Zhenjun Wang and Yuanming Xu, Review on Application of the Recent New High-Power Ultrasonic Transducers in Enhanced Oil Recovery Field in China, Int. Energy. Sci., 2015, 89, pp. 259–267.
9. Zongqing Tang, Cheng Zhai, Quanle Zou, and Lei Qin, Changes to Coal Pores and Fracture Development by Ultrasonic Wave Excitation Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Int. Fuel. Sci., 2016, 186, pp. 571–578.
10. Andrea Cardoni, Patrick Harkness, and Margaret Lucas, Ultrasonic Rock Sampling Using Longitudinal-Torsional Vibrations, Int. Ultrasonics. Sci., 2010, 50(4–5), pp. 447–452.
11. Zhang, C., Zhang, Y.J,, and Li, Z.W., Experimental Study of Seepage Characteristics of Single Rock Fracture Based on Stress States and Stress History, Int. Global Geology. Sci., 2016, 19(3), pp. 1–5.
12. El-Hadek, M. Awad, Dynamic Equivalence of Ultrasonic Stress Wave Propagation in Solids, Int. Ultrasonics. Sci., 2018, 83, pp. 214–221.

NEW METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS IN MINING

MODERN ANALYTICAL METHODS AND RESEARCH PROCEDURES FOR MINERAL PROCESSING ENGINEERING SUMMARY
D. Krawczykowski* and D. Kołodziej**

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, Environmental Engineering Department,
AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, 30–059 Poland
*e-mail: *krawcz@agh.edu.pl
AGH Doctoral School, Kopalnia Wapienia, Czatkowice sp. z o. o., Krzeszowice, 32–065 Poland
**e-mail: d.kolodziej@czatkowice.com.pl

The rapid development of technology and engineering in recent years caused the need to adopt an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to mineral processing engineering. The relationships between mineralogical characteristics of the raw material and the efficiency and effectiveness of its processing and beneficiation processes become vital, especially concerning selecting processing technologies. Mineralogy determines the energy consumption of grinding processes but also the conditions of the process such as flotation (type and number of reagents, flotation time, environmental parameters of the slurry, etc.) The article shows modern methods of process mineralogy used in the processing of mineral resources at the stage of the process design, its optimization and diagnosis of technical problems in the beneficiation process. Research strategies used in diagnosing issues associated with the processing in the beneficiation plants are discussed as well as research procedures and analysis methods supported by modern process mineralogy tools (QEMSCAN, MLA, EPMA, TOF-SIMS), which constitute modern mineral engineering characterized by an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to processing.

Mineral processing, control and measurement devices, flotation

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739121060205

REFERENCES
1. Sutherland, D.N., Image Analysis for Off-Line Characterization of Mineral Particles and Prediction of Processing Properties, Particle Particle Syst. Charact., 1993, 10, pp. 271–274.
2. Gottlieb, P., Wilkie, G., Sutherland, D.N., Ho-Tun, E., Suthers, S., Perera, K., Jenkins, B., Spencer S., Butcher, A., and Rayner, J., Using Quantitative Electron Microscopy for Process Mineralogy Applications, YOM, 2000, 52 (4), pp. 24–25.
3. Gu, Y., Automated Scanning Electron Microscope Based Mineral Liberation Analysis, JOM, 2003, 2 (1), pp. 33–41.
4. Fandrich, R., Gu, Y., Burrows, D., and Moeller, K., Modern SEM-Based Mineral Liberation Analysis, Int. J. Miner. Proc., 2007, 84 (1–4), pp. 310–320.
5. Lotter, N.O., Whittaker, P.J., Kormos, L.J., Stickling, J.S., and Wilkie, G.J., The Development of Process Mineralogy at Falconbridge Limited, and Application to the Raglan Mill, CIM Bull., 2002, 95 (1066), pp. 85–92.
6. Lotter, N.O., Kowal, D.L., Tuzun, M.A., Whittaker, P.J., and Kormos, L.J., Sampling and Flotation Testing of Sudbury Basin Drill Core for Process Mineralogy Modeling, Miner. Eng., 2003, 16, pp. 857–864.
7. Fragomeni, D., Boyd, L.J., Charland, A., Kormos, L.J., Lotter, N.O., and Potts, G., The Use of End-Members for Grind-Recovery Modeling, Tonnage Prediction and Flowsheet Development at Raglan, Proc. Canadian Mineral Processors, 2005, Paper No. 6, pp. 75–98.
8. Charland, A., Kormos, L.J., Whittaker, P.J., Arrue-Canales, C.A., Fragomeni, D., Lotter N. O., Mackey, P., and Anes, J., A Case Study for the Integrated Use of Automated Mineralogy in Plant Optimization: The Montcalm Concentrator, Proc. Automated Mineralogy, MEI Conference, Brisbane, 2006.
9. Dai, Z., Bos, J.-A., Lee, A., and Wells, P., Mass Balance and Mineralogical Analysis of Flotation Plant Survey Samples to Improve Plant Metallurgy, Minerals Engineering—Flotation 2007, 2008, Special 21st ed., pp. 826–831.
10. McKay, N., Wilson, S., and Lacouture, B., Ore Characterization of the Aqqaluk Deposit at Red Dog, Proc. Canadian Mineral Processors, 2007, Paper No. 5, pp. 55–74.
11. Triffett, B., Veloo, C., Adair, B. J. I., and Bradshaw, D.J., An Investigation into the Recovery of Molybdenite in the Kennecott Utah Copper Bulk Flotation Circuit, Minerals Engineering—Flotation 2007, 2008, Special 21st ed., 2008, pp. 832–840.
12. Schouwstra, R.P. and Smit, A.J., Developments in Mineralogical Techniques—What about Mineralogists?, Miner. Eng., 2011, 24, pp. 1224–1228.
13. Shackleton, N.J., Malysiak, V., and O’Connor, C.T., The Use of Amine Complexes in Managing Inadvertent Activation of Pyroxene in a Pentlandite–Pyroxene Flotation System, Miner. Eng., 2003, 16, pp. 849–856.
14. Malysiak, V., Shackleton, N.J., and O’Connor, C.T., An Investigation into the Floatability of a Pentlandite–Pyroxene System, Int. J. Miner. Process., 2004, 74, pp. 251–262.
15. Martinovic, J., Bradshaw, D.J., and Harris P. J., Investigation of Surface Properties of Gangue Minerals in Platinum Bearing Ores, J. South African Inst. Min. Metall., 2005, 105, pp. 1–7.
16. O’Connor, C.T., Malysiak, V., and Shackleton, N.J., The Interaction of Xanthates and Amines with Pyroxene Activated by Copper and Nickel, Miner. Eng., 2006, 19, pp. 799–806.
17. Otter, N.O., Bradshaw, D.J., Becker, M., Parolis, L. A. S., and Kormos, L.J., A Discussion of the Occurrence and Undesirable Flotation Behavior of Orthopyroxene and Talc in the Processing of Mafic Deposits, Miner. Eng., 2008, 21, pp. 905–912.
18. www.outotec.com.
19. www.mols.fi.
20. www.ima.fi.
21. www.thermoscientific.com.
22. www.sodern.com.
23. www.asdi.com.
24. www.specim.fi/files/pdf/sisu/datasheets/SisuCHEMA 1 2011.pdf.
25. Bonifazi, G, Cesare, D., and Serranti, S., Hyperspectral Imaging Applied to Minerals Processing: Procedures, Architectures and Analytical Strategies, The 26th International Mineral Processing Congress (IMPC 2012), 2012, vol. 276
26. Gy, P.M., Sampling of Particulate Materials, Theory and Practice. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1979.
27. Middleditch, D. and Lotter, N.O., Laboratory Quality Standards Manual, Xstrata Process Support Internal Document, May 13, 2008, pp. 14–16.
28. Lotter, N.O., Stratified Sampling of Drill Core, Proc. Canadian Mineral Processors, 2010, Paper No 11, pp. 163–179.
29. Bartlett, H.E. and Hawkins, D., The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold in South Africa, Stanley, G. (Ed.), Process Control. SAIMM Monograph, vol. 2 (Chapter 13), 1989.
30. Lotter, N.O. and Fragomeni, D., High-Confidence Flotation Testing at Xstrata Process Support, J. Miner. Metall. Process., 2010, 27 (1), pp. 47–54.
31. Lotter, N.O., Kowal, D.L., Tuzun, M.A., Whittaker, P.J., and Kormos, L.J., Sampling and Flotation Testing of Sudbury Basin Drill Core for Process Mineralogy Modeling, Miner. Eng., 2003, 16, pp. 857–864.
32. Fragomeni, D., Boyd, L.J., Charland, A., Kormos, L.J., Lotter, N.O., and Potts, G., The Use of End-Members for Grind-Recovery Modeling, Tonnage Prediction and Flowsheet Development at Raglan, Proc. Canadian Mineral Processors, 2005, Paper No. 6, pp. 75–98.
33. Lotter, N.O., A Quality Control Model for the Development of High-Confidence Flotation Test Data. M.Sc. Chem. Eng. Thesis, University of Cape Town, June 1995.
34. Fragomeni, D. and Lotter, N.O., Personal Communication, Falconbridge, 2002.
35. Box, G. E. P., Hunter, W.G., and Hunter, J.S., Statistics for Experimenters, Wiley, New York, 1978.
36. Deng, T., Yu, S., Lotter, N.O., and Di Feo, A., Laboratory Testwork of Mixed Xanthates for the Raglan Ore, Proc. Canadian Mineral Processors, 2010, No. 16, pp. 253–268.
37. Fragomeni, D., Hoffman, M., Kelly, A., Yu, S., and Lotter, N.O., Flotation Mini Pilot Plant Experience at Falconbridge Limited, Proc. Mineral Process Modelling, Simulation and Control, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada, 2006, pp. 329–355.
38. DiFeo, A., Mini Pilot Plant Craig Ore—DNBX, Falconbridge Technology Centre, Internal Memo, 2006.
39. Yu, S., Fragomeni, D., 06 Nickel Rim South Mini Pilot Flotation Plant Campaign Report, Falconbridge Technology Centre Internal Report, 2006.
40. Ouellet, N. and Fragomeni, D., Design Basis Summary for the Kabanga Plant, XPS Final Report, 2007.
41. Norman, O., and Lotter, N.O., Modern Process Mineralogy: An Integrated Multi-Disciplined Approach to Flowsheeting, Minerals Engineering, 2011, 24, pp. 1229–1237.
42. Lotter N. O., Statistical Benchmark Surveying of Production Concentrators, Ph.D. Met. Eng. Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, 2005.
43. Lotter, N.O. and Laplante, A.R., Statistical Benchmark Surveying of Production Concentrators, Miner. Eng., 2007, 20, pp. 793–801.
44. Lotter, N.O. and Laplante, A.R., The Campaign Survey Model—A Case Study at the Raglan Mine, Quebec, Miner. Eng., 2007, 20, pp. 480–486.
45. Xiao, Z., Lockhart, C., and Reynolds, J., Statistical Applications in Planning and Analyzing Plant Flotation Trials of Evaluating a Collector, Int. J. Miner. Proc., 2009, 92 (3–4), pp. 196–200.

Версия для печати (откроется в новом окне)

Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт горного дела им. Н.А. Чинакала Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук
Адрес:	630091, Россия, Новосибирск, Красный проспект, 54
Телефон:	+7 (383) 205–30–30, доб. 100 (приемная)
Факс:	+7 (383) 205–30–30
E-mail:	mailigd@misd.ru
© Институт горного дела им. Н.А. Чинакала СО РАН, 2004–2024. Информация о сайте