JMS, Vol. 56, No. 2, 2020

GEOMECHANICS

ELASTOPLASTIC MODEL OF ROCKS WITH INTERNAL SELF-BALANCING STRESSES. CONTINUUM APPROXIMATION
A. F. Revuzhenko* and O. A. Mikenina

Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
*e-mail: revuzhenko@yandex.ru

The authors construct a continuum approximation for the model of a medium with internal structure and internal self-balancing stresses. The presupposition of diffeomorphism, i.e. existence of partial space derivatives of displacements is largely slackened. The information brought to the closed model of a geomedium by this presupposition is comparable with the information brought by the constitutive equations. The new model includes the local bends of grains of the skeleton, plasticity and the elastic strains of the binding medium in the pore space. The model is of a gradient type.

Rock, elasticity, plasticity, self-balancing stresses

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026601 

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EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL ESTIMATION OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS IN SALT ROCKS IN TESTING OF SAMPLES WITH WEDGE-SHAPED CUT
V. N. Aptukov and S. V. Volegov

Perm State National Research University, Perm, 614000 Russia
e-mail: aptukov@psu.ru

The article presents the procedure for the experimental and theoretical estimation of fracture toughness in salt rocks in testing of samples with wedge-shaped cut and by numerical modeling of the tests in ANSYS. The values of the stress intensity factor and the energy release intensity factor in tensile fracturing are presented for salt rocks of the Upper Kama Potash Salt Deposit.

Salt rocks, sample with wedge-shaped cut, fracture toughness, mathematical modeling

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026613 

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BRITTLE AND QUASI-BRITTLE FRACTURE OF GEOMATERIALS WITH CIRCULAR HOLE IN NONUNIFORM COMPRESSION
S. V. Suknev

Chersky Institute of Mining of the North, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, 677980 Russia
e-mail: suknyov@igds.ysn.ru

The author studies the influence exerted by the boundary conditions and diameter of a circular hole on tensile fracture initiation in brittle and quasi-brittle geomaterials subjected to nonuniform compression with regard to the size effect. The calculation of the critical stress uses the modified nonlocal and gradient fracture criteria. The calculation results are compared with the experimental data. The developed criteria allow taking into account the size effect when the size of the stress concentration zone is varied by changing both geometry and boundary conditions of the stress raiser.

Brittle fracture, quasi-brittle fracture, geomaterials, size effect, hole, stress gradient, nonlocal fracture criteria

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026625 

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METHODS OF FORWARD CALCULATION OF GROUND SUBSIDENCE ABOVE MINES
K. Ch. Kozhogulov, D. K. Takhanov, A. K. Kozhas, A. Zh. Imashev, and M. Zh. Balpanova

Institute of Geomechanics and Subsoil Development, National Academy of Sciences, Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, 720052 Kyrgyz Republic
e-mail: ifmgp@yandex.ru
Karaganda State Technical University, Karaganda, M00A1T8 Republic of Kazakhstan
e-mail: takhanov80@mail.ru

The article discusses geomechanical justification of undermined ground evaluation methods. The proposed method of subsidence assessment allows analyzing influence of underground mining on ground surface in development of horizontal and flat-dipping uniform and interstratified beds with different deformability. The predictive assessment procedures for the subsidence trough profile in case of uniform and interstratified rocks are presented.

Slide curves, failure curve, subsidence trough, natural arch, loosening factor, deformation zone, pillar

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026637 

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6. Muller, R.А., Vliyanie gornykh vyrabotok na deformatsiyu zemnoi poverkhnosti (Influence of Mine Workings on Ground Surface Deformation), Moscow: Ugletekhizdat, 1958.
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8. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po okhrane sooruzhenii ot vrednogo vliyaniya podzemnykh razrabotok na rudnikakh PO Zhezkazgantsvetmet (Guidelines for the Protection of Structures from the Harmful Effects of Underground Mining at the Mines of PA Zhezkazgantsvetmet), KazNIMI, PA Zhezkazgantsvetmet, 2011.
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SLOPE STABILITY IN OPEN PIT MINES IN CLAYEY ROCK MASS
N. F. Nizametdinov, R. F. Nizametdinova, A. A. Nagibin, and A. R. Estaeva

Karaganda State Technical University, Karaganda, 100000 Republic of Kazakhstan
e-mail: mdig_kstu@mail.ru

Justification of slope parameters for benches and pit walls in clayey rock mass bases on studies into geological structure and physical and mechanical properties of rocks of various lithological varieties. The upper layers of pit walls occur in weak clayey overburden, in the crust of weathering and in transition zone with conglomerates, up to 150 m in total thickness. In this case, it is required to calculate accurately angles of clayey slopes, to undertake cutback at recommended angles and to eliminate heavy flow of melt water and rain water from ground surface to the slopes. Mining within the design pit wall limits should be accompanied by continuous instrumental monitoring of pit wall slopes.

Clayey rocks, stability, bench, pit wall, open pit mine, internal friction angle, cohesion, crust of weathering, rock mass, stability factor

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026649 

REFERENCES
1. Fisenko, G.L., Ustoichivost’ bortov kar’erov i otvalov (Slope Stability of Open Pits and Dumps), Moscow, 1965.
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3. Nizametdinov, F.K., Nagibin, A.A., Levashov, V.V., Nizametdinov, R.F., Nizametdinov, N.F., and Kasymzhanova, A.E., Methods of In Situ Strength Testing of Rocks and Joints, J. Min. Sci., 2016, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 226–232.
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6. Metodicheskie ukazaniya po nablyudeniyam za deformatsiyami bortov, otkosov ustupov i otvalov na kar’erakh i razrabotke meropriyatii po obespecheniyu ikh ustoichivosti (Guidelines on Slope Deformation Observations in Open Pit Mines and on Slope Stability Activities), Approved by the Kazakhstan Ministry of Emergency, order no. 39 dated 28 September 2008.
7. Popov, V.N., Shpakov, P.S., and Poklad, G.G., Ustoichivost’ porodnykh otvalov (Stability of Overburden Dumps), Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1987.
8. Nizametdinov, F.K. (Ed.), Upravlenie ustoichivost’yu tekhnogennykh gornykh sooruzhenii (Stability Control of Manmade Mining Facilities), Karaganda: KRU, 2014.
9. Shpakov, P.S., Nizametdinov, F.K., Ozhigin, S.G., Ozhigina, S.B., Dolgonosov, D.S., Malakhov, A.A., Olenyuk, S.P., Ozhigin, D.S., and Nagibin, A.A., Object Protected by Author’s Right—Pit Wall Stability, State Registration Certificate no. 126 as of 26 January 2015, IS 000641, Republic of Kazakhstan.
10. Ozhigin, S.G., Upravlenie ustoichivost’yu pribortovykh massivov na kar’erakh Kazakhstana (Stability Control in Pit Wall Rock Mass in Kazakhstan), Karaganda: Sanat-poligrafiya, 2009.
11. Nizametdinov, F.K., Ozhigin, S.G., Nizametdinov, R.F., Ozhigina, S.B., Nizametdinov, N.F., and Khmyrova, E.N., Geomechanical Supervision of Open Pit Mining: Current Situation and Prospects, The 15th Int. ISM Congress Proceedings, Germany, Aachen, vol. 1, pp. 338–349.

INFLUENCE OF STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN ROOF ROCKS ON ROOF FRACTURE IN TOP COAL CAVING
V. E. Mirenkov

Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
e-mail: mirenkov@misd.ru

The process of roof caving at face during its advance is impossible to describe by static and kinematic solutions. It is necessary to take into account unsymmetry of deformation due to the dynamic component of the roof caving process. To that end, it is required to undertake experimental and theoretical studies into the unsymmetrical displacement distribution. It seems to be possible to obtain additional information on deformation and caving of roof rocks from the elastic solution. The main factors to ensure correct formulation of problems are the statics, kinematics and dynamics of rock mass deformation, and the proposed description of the inelasticity zone in the host rocks–mineable seam system.

Longwall, seam, difficult top coal, displacements, statics, kinematics, dynamics

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026650 

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STRESS MEMORY IN ACOUSTIC EMISSION OF ROCK SALT SAMPLES IN CYCLIC LOADING UNDER VARIABLE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
V. L. Shkuratnik, O. S. Kravchenko, and Yu. L. Filimonov

National University of Science and Technology—MISIS, Moscow, 119049 Russia
e-mail: ftkp@mail.ru
Gazprom geotekhnologii, Moscow, 123290 Russia
e-mail: y.filimonov@gazpromgeotech.ru

The behavior of acoustic emission in uniaxial cyclic loading of rock salt samples from the Kaliningrad deposit is determined. The samples were tested under varied temperatures and ratios of maximal stresses in sequential loading cycles. The experimental curves of acoustic emission activity and maximal stress and temperature of the previous cycle are obtained. Stress memory in acoustic emission manifests itself equally stably under constant higher and lower temperatures. Memory of the maximal stress of the previous cycle persists under higher temperature in the next cycle and vanishes under lower temperature in the next cycle. In case of the same maximal stresses and constant or higher temperatures in the successive cycles, the stress memory effect is vague: the stress estimated on this base is lower than the maximal stress of the previous cycle.

Rock salt, stress–strain behavior, measurements, control, acoustic emission, cyclic loading, stress memory in acoustic emission

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026662 

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12. Liang, W.G., Xu, S.G., and Zhao, Y.S., Experimental Study of Temperature Effects on Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Salt Rock, J. Rock Mech. and Rock Eng., 2006, vol. 39, pp. 469–482.
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14. Kravchenko, O.S. and Filimonov, Yu.L., Deformation of Rock Salt under Increased Temperature, Min. Inform. and Analyt. Bulletin, 2019, no. 1, pp. 69–76.
15. Wisetsaen, S., Walsri, C., and Fuenkajorn, K., Effects of Loading Rate and Temperature on Tensile Strength and Deformation of Rock Salt, J. Rock Mech. and Min. Sci., 2015, vol. 73, pp. 10–14.
16. Chen, J., Shi, X., and Zhou, J., The Mechanical Characteristic of Rock Salt under Uniaxial Compression With Low Temperature Effect, J. Functional Materials, 2016, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 433–436.
17. Zhou, Z., Liu, J., Wu, F., Wang, L., Zhuo, Y., Liu, W., and Li, J., Experimental Study on Creep Properties of Salt Rock and Mudstone from Bedded Salt Rock Gas Storage, Sichuan Daxue Xuebao (Gongcheng Kexue Ban), J. Sichuan University (Engineering Science Edition), 2016, vol. 48, pp. 100–106.
18. Gunther, R., Salzer, K., Popp, T., and Ludeling, C., Steady-State Creep of Rock Salt: Improved Approaches for Lab Determination and Modeling, J. Rock Mech. and Rock Eng., 2015, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 2603–2613.
19. Lavrov, A.V., Shkuratnik, V.L., and Filimonov, Yu.L., Akustoemissionnyi effekt pamyati v gornykh porodakh (Stress Memory Effect in Acoustic Emission in Rocks), Moscow: MGGU, 2004.

ELASTIC WAVE ATTENUATION CHARACTERISTICS AND RELEVANCE FOR ROCK MICROSTRUCTURES
X. L. Liu, M. S. Han, X. B. Li, J. H. Cui, and Z. Liu

School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, 410083, China
e-mail: lxlenglish@163.com

We investigated elastic wave attenuation characteristics using a PCI-2 acoustic emission system. A lead-break test was employed to carry out attenuation experiments in granite, marble, red sandstone, and limestone. Because the centroid frequency variation of the red sandstone differs significantly from the other rocks, a pendulum steel ball impact test was also performed to study the attenuation characteristics of elastic waves in red sandstone. The results show that the elastic wave signal amplitude decreases with increasing propagation distance for all four rock types. In granite and red sandstone, the peak frequency of the elastic wave declines abruptly after the propagation exceeds 800 and 100 mm, respectively, and remains almost unchanged in marble and limestone. The attenuation of centroid frequency in granite, limestone, and marble shows the same trend; however, in red sandstone, when the elastic wave propagation exceeds a certain distance, the variation of centroid frequency shows an upward tendency. The main influence of elastic wave attenuation in rock is the packing state of mineral particles: less tightly packed rocks consistently have a higher attenuation coefficient. The secondary cause of attenuation is the development of structures such as joints and stratifications. More developed interior structures lead to higher attenuation coefficients. Sensor selection is also very important in rock attenuation tests. We recommend use of a wide resonant frequency sensor or sensors with different resonant frequencies along the elastic wave propagation path.

Elastic wave, attenuation coefficient, rock microstructures, frequency attenuation characteristics

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026674 

REFERENCES
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PREDICTION OF IN-SITU CLEAVED COAL PERMEABILITY
T. V. Shilova, L. A. Rybalkin, and A. V. Yablokov

Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
e-mail: shilovatanya@yandex.ru

The procedure is developed for permeability prediction in deep-level fractured coal. Coal permeability and microstructure are experimentally studied on samples taken from Tikhov Mine. The predictive relationships between the occurrence depth and permeability of coal in parallel to master and side cleavage are obtained for the Nikitinsky, Tambovsky and Tarsminsky fields of the Leninsk geological-economic region in Kuzbass.

Coal, cleavage, permeability, anisotropy, stress state, coal seam, occurrence depth

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026686 

REFERENCES
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15. Pan, Z. and Connell, L.D., Modeling of Anisotropic Coal Swelling and Its Impact on Permeability Behavior for Primary and Enhanced Coalbed Methane Recovery, Int. J. Coal Geology, 2011, vol. 85, nos. 3–4, pp. 257–267.
16. Wang, J.G., Liu, J., and Kabir, A., Combined Effects of Directional Compaction, Non-Darcy Flow and Anisotropic Swelling on Coal Seam Gas Extraction, Int. J. Coal Geology, 2013, vol. 109, pp. 1–14.
17. Wang, D., Lv, R., Wei, J., Zhang, P., Yu, C., and Yao, B., An Experimental Study of the Anisotropic Permeability Rule of Coal Containing Gas, J. Natural Gas Sci. and Eng., 2018, vol. 53, pp. 67–73.
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ROCK FAILURE

DIRECTIONAL ATTENUATION RELATIONSHIP FOR GROUND VIBRATIONS INDUCED BY MINE TREMORS
P. Bańka, E. Lier, M. M. Fernández, A. Chmiela, Z. F. Muñiz, and A. B. Sanchez

Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, 44–100 Poland
e-mail: piotr.banka@polsl.pl
FAMUR. S. A., Katowice, 40–698 Poland
e-mail: ewelinalier@gmail.com
University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Spain
e-mail: marta.menendez@unileon.es
e-mail: antonio.bernardo@unileon.es
Spółka Restrukturyzacji Kopalń, Bytom, Poland
e-mail: andrzej.chmiela1@gmail.com
University of Oviedo, Campus de Llamaquique, 33005 Spain
e-mail: zulima@uniovi.es

The paper presents the discussion on problems involving the reproduction of the acceleration field of ground vibrations based on the pointwise registration carried out in coal mines subjected to seismic hazard. Simple model that takes into account directional effects of seismic wave attenuation has been presented. It has been accepted the assumption that the contours of the peak ground accelerations take the shape of an ellipse. The carried out calculations for three cases of very strong ground vibrations caused by mine tremors which occurred in three regions of coal mines, show that the application of the proposed model allows us to reduce the value of standard error of the estimate as compared to the results obtained with the commonly applied regression model, which does not allow for the directional effects of attenuation. For the investigated regions, it was showed, that the directional effects of the attenuation depends on the directions of the nearest big tectonic faults.

Induced seismicity, ground vibrations propagation, directional attenuation relationship

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026698 

REFERENCES
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3. Orlecka-Sikora, B., Cesca, S., Lasocki, S., Lizurek, G., Wiejacz, P., Rudzinski, L., Urban, P., and Kozlowska, M., Complex Source Mechanisms of Mining-Induced Seismic Events and Their Exceptional Surface Impacts: The Case from Rudna Copper-Ore Mine in Poland, J. Geophys., 2014, vol. 198, pp. 40–54.
4. Pitilakis, K., Site Effects, in Recent Advances in Earthquake Geological Engineering and Microzonation, Ansal A. (Ed.), Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, 2004.
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6. Olszewska, D. and Lasocki, S., Application of the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio Technique for Estimating the Site Characteristic of Ground Motion Caused by Mining Induced Seismic Events, Acta Geoph. Pol., 2004, vol. 52, pp. 301–318.
7. Frej, A. and Zuberek, W.M., Local Effects in Peak Accelerations Caused by Mining Tremors in Bytom Syncline Region (Upper Silesia), Acta Geodyn. Geomater., 2008, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 115–122.
8. Joyner, W.B. and Boore, D.M., Peak Horizontal Acceleration and Velocity from Strong-Motion Records Including Records from the 1979 Imperial Valley, California Earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 1981, vol. 71, pp. 2011–2038.
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13. Ka-Veng, Yuen, Ortiz, G.A., and Ke, Huang, Novel Nonparametric Modeling of Seismic Attenuation and Directivity Relationship, J. Computer Methods in Applied Mech. and Eng., 2016, vol. 311, pp. 537–555.
14. Banka, P., Acceleration Field of Ground Vibrations and Anisotropy of Wave Propagation, Int. J. Min. Mater. Metall. Eng., 2015, vol. 1, pp. 1–10.
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MINERAL MINING TECHNOLOGY

ENHANCING EFFICIENCY OF DIRECT DUMPING BY CAST BLASTING OF OVERBURDEN ROCKS
V. I. Cheskidov, T. A. Tsymbalyuk, and A. V. Reznik

Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
e-mail: cheskid@misd.ru

The article reports the modeling results on direct dumping of overburden by cast blasting. The cast factor variation as function of seam occurrence and explosion block parameters is found. Potential improvement of cast blasting to displace overburden to mined-out pit area is described. The ways of enhancing efficiency of direct dumping in gently dipping coal extraction by combination of truck-and-shovel system with direct dumping in Kuzbass are identified.

Overburden, durect dumping, cast blasting process, flow charts, explosion block, cast factor, internal dump

DOI: 10.1134/S106273912002671X

REFERENCES
1. Kortelev, O.B., Cheskidov, V.I., Molotilov, S.G., and Norri, V.K., Otkrytaya razrabotka ugol’nykh plastov s peremeshcheniem gornoi massy ekskavatorami-draglainami (Open Pit Coal Mining with Overburden Removal by Draglines), Novosibirsk: Ilyushin IP, 2010.
2. Cheskidov, V.I., Akishev, A.N., and Sakantsev, G.G., Use of Draglines in Mining Diamond Ore Deposits in Yakutia, J. Min. Sci., 2018, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 628–637.
3. Pokrovskii, G.I. and Fedorov, I.S., Vozvedenie gidrotekhnicheskikh zemlyanykh sooruzhenii napravlennym vzryvom (Construction of Earth Structures of Waterworks by Cast Blasting), Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1971.
4. Krasnogorov, V.M., Podrazhayushchie molniyam (Lightning-esque), Moscow: Znanie, 1977. 5. Lee Buchsbaum, Four Draglines and Seven Splittung Seams, Coal Age, 2010, June, pp. 21–24.
6. Usibelli Coal Mine. Available at: www. usibelli. Com, mine-process. php, 2017.
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9. Case Study: Improved Dragline Productivity through Maximizing Cast. Available at: www. Oricaminingservices. Com / Dorument reference: 100063, 2017.
10. Le Konng Kyong and Kuznetsov, V.A., Experimental Research and Analytical Estimation of Cast Factor in Overburden Dumping by Cast Blasting, GIAB, 2013, no. S210, pp. 3–8.
11. Kirillov, M.A., Improvement of Overburden Cast Blasting in Dumping in Mined-Out Void in Coal Mining with Direct Dumping, Synopsis of Candidate of Engineering Sciences Thesis, Irkutsk, 1999.
12. Ivanovskii, D.S., Test Data on Cast Blasting of Different Strength Rocks, Gorn. vestn. Uzbekistan., 2009, no. 1, pp. 73–75.
13. Bibik, I.P. and Ivanovskii, D.S., Technology of Massive Cast Blasting of Overburden to Mined-Out Void of the Tashkura Open Pit Mine, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2010, no. 2, pp. 36–40.
14. Tsymbalyuk, T.A. and Nemova, N.A., Stability Enhancement Activities in Internal Direct Dumping on Weak Grounds: A Case-Study of Mokhovsky Open Pit of Kuzbassrazrezugol Holding Company, J. Fundament. Appl. Min. Sci., 2018, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 173–177.
15. Cheskidov, V.I., Bobyl’sky, A.S., and Reznik, A.V., Methodological Basis for Calculating Parameters of Direct Dumping Flowsheets in Open Pit Mining of Gently Dipping Coal Beds, J. Min. Sci., 2017, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 299–304.
16. Reznik, A.V., Optimization of the Parameters of the Dragline Technology in Open-Pit Mining of Flat Dipping Coal Deposits. Fundament. Appl. Min. Sci., 2018, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 160–167.

ANALYSIS OF STATISTICS ON METHANE RELEASE IN HIGH-PRODUCTION COAL FACES IN KUZBASS
А. A. Ordin, A. M. Timoshenko, and D. V. Botvenko

Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
e-mail: ordin@misd.ru
Institute of Computational Technique, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
VostNII Science and Production Center, Kemerovo, 650002 Russia
VostNII Science Center, Kemerovo, 650002 Russia

The statistical analysis results on methane release in coal faces in Kuzbass are presented. The parabolic curves of methane release have maximums as regard to feed velocity and productivity of shearer. Methane release from broken coal is an inverse proportional function of linear hyperbolic dependence and has maximum as regard to feed velocity and productivity of shearer. The analysis of the found methane release from broken coal shows that methane release reduces as a quadratic dependence with decreasing drum rotation speed and number of picks per cutting line, and increases also as a quadratic dependence with growing thickness of coal seam and shearer web width.

Mine, coal seam, methane release, methane concentration, statistical analysis, alolowable coal face output, gas criterion, shearer feed velocity, yield of fracions

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026721 

REFERENCES
1. Timoshenko, A.M., Baranova, M.N., and Nikiforov, D.V., Some Aspects of Application of Regulatory Documents in High Productivity Longwall Design in Coal Mines, Vestn. VostNII, 2010, no. 1, pp. 5–15.
2. Rukovodstvo po proektirovaniyu ventilyatsii ugol’nykh shakht. MakNII (Ventilation Design Guidelines for Coal Mines. Makeevka Research Institute), Kiev: Osnova, 1994.
3. Grashchenkov, N.F., Petrosyan, A.E., and Frolov, M.A., Rudnichnaya ventilyatsiya: spravochnik (Mine Ventilation: Reference Book), Moscow: Nedra, 1988.
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FORWARD APPRAISAL OF POTENTIAL GOLD CONTENT OF DREDGE AND SLUICE TAILINGS DUMPS AT PLACERS IN RUSSIA’S FAR EAST
G. S. Mirzekhanov and Z. G. Mirzekhanova

Institute of Mining, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khabarovsk, 680000 Russia
e-mail: mgs_gold@mail.ru
Institute of Water and Ecology Problems, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Khabarovsk, 680000 Russia
e-mail: lorp@ivep.as.khb.ru

A brief appraisal of probable gold in dredge and sluice tailings dumps at placers in Russia’s Far East is given. In terms of mining waste piles and operating placer mines in the Khabarovsk Territory, Jewish Autonomous Province, Amur and Magadan Regions, a probable gold content of dredge and sluice tailings dumps is predicted. The calculation used different combinations of estimation parameters: loss, initial gold content, fineness of gold sand. It is shown that the probable gold content varies quantitatively and qualitatively as function of combination of the estimation parameters. The tough, optimistic, realistic and unrealistic scenarios of prospects for secondary gold extraction from dredge and sluice tailings are presented.

Placer, dredge and sluice tailings dumps, gold loss, resources, quality standards, initial content

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026733 

REFERENCES
1. Benevol’skii, B.I., Zoloto Rossii: Problemy ispol’zovaniya i vosproizvodstva mineral’no-syr’evoi bazy (Gold of Russia: Use and Reproduction of Mineral Reserves and Resources), Moscow: Geoinformark, 2002.
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3. Shilo, N.A., Osnovy ucheniya o rossypyakh (The Backbone of the Theory of Placers), Moscow: AGN, 2000.
4. Mirzekhanov, G.S. and Mirzekhanova, Z.G., Resursnyi potentsial tekhnogennykh obrazovanii rossypnykh mestorozhdenii zolota (Resource Potential of Mine Waste at Gold Placers), Moscow: MAKS Press, 2013.
5. Mirzekhanov, G.S. and Mirzekhanova, Z.G., Prospects for Secondary Mining of Manmade Placers in the Far East Region of Russia, Marsheider. Nedropol’z., 2017, no. 5 (91), pp. 14–20.
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7. Analytics and Creativity to Govern Prosperity of Mining Waste Management—Interview of Yu.I. Babii, Director of Gran LLC, Biznes-gazeta Nash Region–Dal’nii Vostok, 2017, no. 1, pp. 16–17.
8. Prudnikov, S.G. and Khertek, Ch.M., Resource Appraisal of Waste at Mined-Out Gold Placers Kara-Khem, Proezdnoi (Tuva), Usp. Sovrem. Estestvozn., 2009, no. 2, pp. 67–72.
9. Benedyuk, P.F., Eroshenko, S.I., and Benedyuk, T.F., Fine Gold of Manmade Placers, Revisited: A Case-Study of the Khomolkho River Placer, Zolotodobycha: Inform.-Rekl. Byull. Irgiredmet, 2020, no. 1 (254), pp. 18–21.
10. Burakov, A.M. and Kasanov, I.S., Appraisal Procedure for Probable Resources of Mining-Generated Placers in Yakutia, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin, 2019, no. 9, pp. 168–183.
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14. Litvinenko, I.S. and Golubenko, I.S., Gold Resource Potential of Dumps and Tailings at Mined-Out Placers in the Magadan Region, Razved. i okhrana nedr, 2015, no. 5, pp. 17–24.
15. Ivanova, A.A. and Rozhkova, I.S., Gold Lost in Dumps and Placers of the Eastern Shoulder of the Urals (West Siberia), Yubileinyi vypusk 200 let zolotoi promyshlennosti Urala (Festive Publication to Celebrate the 200th Anniversary of the Gold Mining Industry in the Urals), Sverdlovsk: Ural. Otd. AN SSSR, 1948.
16. Tishchenko, E.I., Amosov, A.V., and Ignat’eva, O.P., Growth Prospects for Placer Gold Reserves and Resources from Manmade Placers in the Irkutsk Region, Razved. i okhrana nedr, 2004, no. 8–9, pp. 23–26.
17. Chemezov, A.V. and Tal’gamer, B.L., Tekhnogennye rossypi (obrazovanie, otsenka i ekspluatatsiya) (Manmade Placers: Formation, Appraisal and Operation), Irkutsk: IrTGU, 2013.
18. Litvintsev, V.S., Resource Potential of Placer Mining Waste, J. Min. Sci., 2013, vol. 49 no. 1, pp. 99–105.

MINERAL DRESSING

ANALYSIS OF COMPLEXING AND ADSORPTION PROPERTIES OF DITHIOCARBAMATES BASED ON CYCLIC AND ALIPHATIC AMINES FOR GOLD ORE FLOTATION
T. N. Matveeva, N. K. Gromova, and L. B. Lantsova

Academician Melnikov Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 111020 Russia
e-mail: tmatveyeva@mail.ru

The authors find that morpholine dithiocarbamate (MDTC) and S-cyanoethyl N, N-diethyl dithiocarbamate (CEDETC) are capable to form stable compounds with gold in the solution and to form an adsorption layer on the surface of gold-bearing sulphides, which points at them as new selective collectors for gold recovery from rebellious ore. The coating area of MDTC on the surface of chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrite, with new discrete growths is quantitatively assessed. CEDETC improves floatability of chalcopyrite by 1.5–2.0 times as against butyl xanthate at low consumption of reagents, while difference in floatability of chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite considerably grows, which is indicative of a beneficial effect on production of Au–Cu concentrates with lower As content by flotation.

Gold ore, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, flotation, dithiocarbamates, adsorption, complexing

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026745 

REFERENCES
1. Ivanova, Т.А., Chanturia, V.А., Zimbovsky, I.G., and Getman, V.V., Study of Interaction Mechanism of Diantipyrylmethane with Sulphide Minerals and Cassiterite as a Part of Rebellious Tin Sulphide Ore, Tsvet. Metally, 2017, no. 10, pp. 8–13.
2. Ignatkina, V.А. and Bocharov, V.А., Nonferrous Metal Sulphide Flotation Circuits Based on Combination of Collectors, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2010, no. 12, pp. 58–64.
3. Solozhenkin, P.М., Development of Principles for the Choice of Reagents for Antimony and Bismuth Mineral Flotation, DAN, 2016, vol. 466, no. 5, pp. 599–562.
4. Ryaboi, V.I., Production and Use of Flotation Reagents in Russia, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2011, no. 2, pp. 49–53.
5. Mikil, H., Hirajima, T., Muta, Y., Suyantara, G. P. W., and Sasaki, K., Investigation of Reagents for Selective Flotation on Chalcopyrite and Molybdenite, Proc. of the 29th Int. Min. Proc. Congr. (IMPC 2018), 2019.
6. Huang, K., Huang, X., Jia, Y., Wang, S., Cao, Z., and Zhong, H., A Novel Surfactant Styryl Phosphonate Mono-Iso-Octyl Ester with Improved Adsorption Capacity and Hydrophobicity for Cassiterite Flotation, Min. Eng., 2019, vol. 142, 105895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2019.105895.
7. Tijsseling, L.T., Dehaine, Q., Rollinson, G.K., and Glass, H.J., Flotation of Mixed Oxide Sulphide Copper-Cobalt Minerals Using Xanthate, Dithiophosphate, Thiocarbamate and Blended Collectors, Min. Eng., 2019, vol. 138, pp. 246–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2019.04.022.
8. Lin, Q., Gu, G., and Wang, H., Recovery of Molybdenum and Copper from Porphyry Ore via Isoflotability Flotation, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2017, 27.I-10, pp. 2260–2271.
9. Matveeva, Т.N., Ivanova, Т.А., Getman, V.V., and Gromova, N.K., New Flotation Reagents to Recover Micro and Nanoparticles of Noble Metals from Rebellious Ore, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2017, no. 11, pp. 89–93.
10. Matveeva, Т.N., Gromova, N.K., and Minaev, V.А., Quantitative Assessment of Adsorption Layer of Combined Diethyl Dithiocarbamate on Chalcopyrite and Arsenopyrite by Measuring Surface Parameters, Tsvet. Metally, 2018, no. 7, pp. 27–32.
11. Matveeva, Т.N., Gromova, N.K., Minaev, V.А., and Lantsova, L.B., Modifying of Sulphide Mineral and Cassiterite Surface by Stable Metal-Dibutyl Dithiocarbamate Complexes, Obogashch. Rud, 2017, no. (371), pp. 15–20.
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15. Ivanov, А.А., Gold Recovery in Processing Copper-Molybdenum Ore, Zolotodob. Prom., 2017, no. 5, pp. 8–9.
16. Beck, М. and Nagypal, I., Chemistry of Complex Equilibria, Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 1989.

CLASSIFICATION OF LOW-GRADE COPPER–NICKEL ORE AND MINING WASTE BY ECOLOGICAL HAZARD AND HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSABILITY
A. V. Svetlov, P. V. Pripachkin, V. A. Masloboev, and D. V. Makarov

Institute for Problems of Industrial Ecology of the North, Kola Science Center,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209 Russia
e-mail: a.svetlov@ksc.ru
Geological Institute, Kola Science Center, Apatity, 184209 Russia

The authors range low-grade copper–nickel ore and mining waste represented by overburden dumps, mill tailings and slag in the territory of the Murmansk Region by the criterion of potential ecological hazard. The determinants of mobility of heavy metals formed in oxidation of sulphides are the content of barren minerals (silicate matrix), pH of pore solutions and exposure to atmospheric weathering (acid rains). The criteria of natural copper–nickel ore and mining waste processability are determined.

Russia’s Arctic zone, mineral mining sector, acidogenic potential, neutralization potential, mining waste, sulphide ore, geotechnologies

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026757 

REFERENCES
1. Masloboev, V.A., Seleznev, S.G., Svetlov, A.V., and Makarov, D.V., Hydrometallurgical Processing of Low-Grade Sulfide Ore and Mine Waste in the Arctic Regions: Perspectives and Challenges, Minerals, 2018, vol. 8, 436. DOI: 10.3390/min8100436.
2. Chanturia, V.A., Innovation-Based Processes of Integrated and High-Level Processing on Natural and Manmade Minerals in Russia, Proc. of the 29th Int. Mineral Proc. Congress on Ore and Metals, Publishing House, Moscow, 2019.
3. Nevskaya, M.A., Seleznev, S.G., Masloboev, V.A., Klyuchnikova, E.M., and Makarov, D.V., Environmental and Business Challenges Presented by Mining and Mineral Processing Waste in the Russian Federation, Minerals, 2019, vol. 9, 445. DOI: 10.3390/min9070445.
4. Chanturia, V.A., Matveeva, T.N., Ivanova, T.A., and Getman, V.V., Mechanism of Interaction of Cloud Point Polymers with Platinum and Gold in Flotation of Finely Disseminated Precious Metal Ores, Mineral Proc. and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2016, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 187–195.
5. Rostovtsev, V.I., Kondrat’ev, S.А., and Baksheeva, I.I., Improvement of Copper-Nickel Ore Concentration under Energy Deposition, J. Min. Sci., 2017, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 907–914.
6. Kondrat’ev, S.А. and Gavrilova, T.G., Physical Adsorption Mechanism in Terms of Sulphide Mineral Activation be Heavy Metal Ions, J. Min. Sci., 2018, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 466–478.
7. Kondrat’ev, S.А., Method for Selecting Structure and Composition of Hydrocarbon Fragment in Molecule of a Collecting Agent, J. Min. Sci., 2019, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 420–429.
8. Bakaev, G.F., Polyakov, I.V., Mitygov, V.S., Davydov, P.S., Karpov, S.М., et al., Proekt na provedenie poiskovykh rabot na metally platinovoi gruppy v Monchegorskom raione (Monchegorskii i Monchetundrovskii massivy) (Project for Conducting Prospecting Works for Platinum Group Metals in the Monchegorsky District (Monchegorsky and Monchetundrovsky Massifs), Monchegorsk: ОАО TsKE, 1999.
9. Grokhovskaya, Т.L., Bakaev, G.F, Sholokhnev, V.V., Lapina, M.I., Muravitskaya, G.N., and Voitekhovich, V.S., Ore Platinum Metal Mineralization in the Stratified Monchegorsk Igneous Complex (the Kola Peninsula, Russia), Geologiya Rudn. Mest., 2003, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 329–352.
10. Volokhonsky, А. N. and Rezhenova, S.А., Mineralogicheskaya otsenka shlakov medno-nikelevykh rud kak kriterii ikh prakticheskogo ispol’zovaniya. Mineralogicheskie kriterii kompleksnoi otsenki mineral’nogo syr’ya Kol’skogo poluostrova (Mineralogical Assessment of Slag of Copper-Nickel Ore as a Criterion of Their Practical Use. Mineralogical Criteria of Comprehensive Mineral Assessment in the Kola Peninsula), Apatity: KF АN SSSR, 1982.
11. Neradovsky, Yu. N., Savchenko, Е.E., Grishin, N.N., Kasikov, А.G., and Okorochkova, Е.А., Structure and Composition of Pechenga Slags, Proc. of the 6th All-Russian Fersman Scientific Session, Apatity: KNTs RAN, 2009.
12. Seleznev, S.G., Dumps of Allarechensk Deposit of Sulphide Copper-Nickel Ore—Specific Features and Problems of Development, Geol. Min. Sci. Thesis, Yekaterinburg, 2013.
13. Doyle, F.M., Acid Mine Drainage from Sulphide Ore Deposits, Sulphide Deposits—Their Origin and Processing, Institute Mining and Metallurgy, 1990.
14. Walder, I.F. and Schuster, P.P., Acid Rock Drainage, Environmental Geochemistry of Ore Deposits and Mining Activities, SARB Consulting Inc., Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1997.
15. Lottermoser, B.G., Mine Wastes. Characterization, Treatment and Environmental Impacts, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010.
16. Sheoran, A.S., Sheoran, V., and Choudhary, R.P., Geochemistry of Acid Mine Drainage: A Review, Environment. Res. J., 2010, vol. 4, pp. 293–320.
17. Tao, C., Bo, Y., Chang, L., and Xianming, X., Pollution Control and Metal Resource Recovery for Acid Mine Drainage, Hydrometallurgy, 2014, vols. 147–148, pp. 112–119.
18. Sobek, A.A., Schuller, W.A., Freeman, J.R., and Smith, R.M., Field and Laboratory Methods Applicable to Overburden and Mine Soils, 1978, US EPA 600/2–78–054.
19. Gas’kova, О.L. and Bortnikova, S.B., To the Problem of Quantitative Determination of Netraulization Reserve of Enclosing Rocks, Geokhimiya, 2007, no. 4, pp. 461–464.
20. Skousen, J., Simmons, J., McDonald, L.M., and Ziemkiewicz, P., Acid-Base Accounting to Predict Post-Mining Drainage Quality on Surface Mines, J. Environmental Quality, 2002, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 2034–2044.
21. Abrosimova, N., Gas’kova, O., Loshkareva, A., Edelev, A., and Bortnikova, S., Assessment of the Acid Mine Drainage Potential of Waste Rocks at the Ak-Sug Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit, J. Geoch. Exploration, 2015, vol. 157, pp. 1–14.
22. Saeva, О.P., Interaction of Manmade Drainage Flows with Natural Geochemical Barriers, Geol. Min. Sci. Thesis, Novosibirsk, 2015.
23. Karlsson, T., Raisanen, M.L., Lehtonen, M., and Alakangas, L., Comparison of Static and Mineralogical ARD Prediction Methods in the Nordic Environment, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2018, vol. 190, 719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661–018–7096–2.
24. Rassloennye intruzii Monchegorskogo rudnogo raiona: petrologiya, orudeneniye, izotopiya, glubinnoe stroenie. Ch. 1 (Stratified Intrusions of Monchegorsk Ore District: Petrology, Mineralization, Isotopy, Deep Structure. Part I), Apatity: KNTs RAN, 2004.
25. Zak, S.I., Kochnev-Pervukhov, V.I., and Proskuryakov, V.V., Ultrabasic Rocks of the Allarechensk District, Their Metamorphism and Mineralization, Trudy Inst. Geol. KF AN SSSR, iss. 12, Petrozavodsk: Karelia, 1972.
26. Chanturia, V.A., Makarov, V.N., and Makarov, D.V., Ekologicheskie i tekhnologicheskie problemy pererabotki tekhnogennogo sul’fidosoderzhashchego syriya (Environmental and Technological Problems of Processing Sulphide-Containing Mining Waste), Apatity: KNTs RAN, 2005. 27. Masloboev, V.A., Seleznev, S.G., Makarov, D.V., and Svetlov, A.V., Assessment of Eco-Hazard of Copper-Nickel Ore Mining and Processing Waste, J. Min. Sci., 2014, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 559–572.

DISINTEGRATABILITY PROCEDURE FOR GEOMATERIALS IN MULTIPLE IMPACT CRUSHING
A. I. Matveev and E. S. L’vov

Chersky Institute of Mining of the North, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia
e-mail: Andrei.mati@yandex.ru
e-mail: lvoves@bk.ru

The authors justify and exemplify the disintegratability procedure for geomaterials in impact crushing. The procedure distinguishes between two simultaneous processes of destruction and disintegration based on grading analysis of crushing products. The quantitative results on disintegration are obtained for metalliferous geomaterials of different texture and mineral composition. Disintegration is an important process of ore treatment, and disintegratability is an important characteristic of the process and the performance indicator of crushing equipment.

Crushing, crusher, dressing, size distribution, recovery, gold

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026769 

REFERENCES
1. Baranov, V. F. Review of R&D Ore Pre-Treatment Projects at the Advanced Foreign Factories, Obog. Rud, 2008, no. 1, pp. 3–12.
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7. L’vov, E.S. and Matveev, A.I., Studying the Formation of Particle Size Distribution and Disclosure of Minerals in Ore Crushing Mill Using Multiple Dynamic Action DCD-300, Mining Informational and Analytical Bulleting—GIAB, 2014, no. 10, pp. 112–116.

INVESTIGATION OF PROPERTIES OF ZINC PLANT RESIDUE MECHANICALLY ACTIVATED IN TWO TYPES OF MILLS
M. D. Turan and P. Balaz

Fırat University, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Elazığ, 23119 Turkey
e-mail: mdturan@firat.edu.tr
Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, 04353 Slovakia

Extended milling/mechanical activation properties of zinc plant residue was investigated using two different milling systems, namely, high speed vibrating ball mill and ring mill, comparatively. The zinc plant residue was mixture of gypsum, anglesite, massicot, quartz, maghemite, and franklinite. Zinc plant residue was milled for 1–30 min in high speed vibrating ball mill and ring mill. The obtained samples were characterized using XRD, SEM, particle size distribution, and N₂-BET methods. According to results, it was found that the ring mill caused a further decrease in particle size. Particle size distribution and N₂-BET analyses showed that agglomeration of particles began after 15 min and 5 min milling time for HSBVM and ring mill, respectively.

Mechanical activation, zinc, ring mill, high speed vibrating ball mill

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026770 

REFERENCES
1. Balaz, P., Achimovicova, M., Balaz, M., Billik, P., Cherkezova-Zheleva, Z., Criado, J.M., Delogu, F., Dutkova, E., Gaffet, E., Gotor, F.J., Kumar, R., Mitov, I., Rojac, T., Senna, M., Streletskii, A., and Wieczorek-Ciurowa, K., Hallmarks of Mechanochemistry: From Nanoparticles to Technology, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, vol. 42, pp. 7571–7637.
2. Erdemoglu, M., Carbothermic Reduction of Mechanically Activated Celestite, Int. J. Miner. Proc., 2009, vol. 92, pp. 144–152.
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9. Xia, D.K. and Pickles, C.A., Microwave Caustic Leaching of Electric Arc Furnace Dust, Min. Eng., 2000, vol. 13 (1), pp. 79–94.
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12. Behnajady, B. and Moghaddam, J., Separation of Arsenic from Hazardous As-Bearing Acidic Leached Zinc Plant Purification Filter Cake Selectively by Caustic Baking and Water Leaching, Hydrometallurgy, 2017, vol. 173, pp. 232–240.
13. Li, M., Zheng, S., Liu, B., Du, H., Dreisinger, D.B., Tafaghodi, L., and Zhang, Y., The Leaching Kinetics of Cadmium from Hazardous Cu-Cd Zinc Plant Residues, Waste Management, 2017, vol. 65, pp. 128–138.
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MINING THERMOPHYSICS

NATURAL CONVECTION IN WATER-SATURATED ROCK MASS UNDER ARTIFICIAL FREEZING
M. A. Semin, L. Yu. Levin, M. S. Zhelnin, and O. A. Plekhov

Mining Institute, Ural Branch, Perm, 614007 Russia
e-mail: seminma@inbox.ru
Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, 614013 Russia

The authors study theoretically the non-isometric natural convection of pore water in rock mass subjected to artificial ground freezing. The mathematical model is developed for a permeable water-saturated layer of rocks under artificial freezing. The model assumptions allowed transition to a two-dimension axially symmetric model. The numerical computation gives critical Rayleigh number values such that natural convection of pore water has a significant influence on temperature and position of phase transition front. Three possible convection regimes of pore water are determined as function of alternating-sign ability of thermal expansion factor.

Artificial ground freezing, natural convection, porous medium, ground water seepage, mathematical modeling, frozen wall

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026782 

REFERENCES
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MINING ECOLOGY AND EXPLOITATION OF THE EARTH’S BOWELS

OPEN PIT MINING WITH BLASTING: GEOECOLOGICAL AFTERMATH
V. V. Adushkin, S. P. Solov’ev, A. A. Spivak, and V. M. Khazins

Academician Sadovsky Institute of Geosphere Dynamics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
e-mail: adushkin@idg.chph.ras.ru
e-mail: soloviev@idg.chph.ras.ru
e-mail: spivak@idg.chph.ras.ru
e-mail: khazins@idg.chph.ras.ru

The article analyzes statistics on micro-solid emissions in mineral mining and discusses features of micro-emission in atmosphere in large-scale blasting in open pit mines. The gas-dynamic calculations of dust and gas cloud elevation after blasting for localization of solid micro particles and determination of their concentration in the troposphere are presented. The influence of large-scale blasting on regional seismicity is illustrated in terms of the Kuznetsk Coal Basin.

Micro particles in atmosphere, open pit mining, large-scale industrial blasting, numerical modeling, seismicity

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026794 

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HARD COAL PRODUCTION COMPETITIVENESS IN POLAND
J. Dubiński, S. Prusek, M. Turek, and J. Wachowicz

Central Mining Institute (GIG), Katowice, 40–166 Poland
e-mail: mturek@gig.eu

An analysis of the competitiveness of the Polish hard coal mining sector was performed. The most important conditions in which it operates were presented—the size of the resource base, the current organizational structure, and operating conditions. By presenting the most important sources of competitiveness, factors requiring special attention were identified. After presenting the SWOT analysis of the sector, the issues that were most important for the permanent preservation of the competitive position of the entire sector, as well as individual mining enterprises, were specified.

Competitiveness, hard coal mining, exploitation, costs, opportunities and threats

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739120026806 

REFERENCES
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