JMS, Vol. 54, No. 5, 2018

GEOMECHANICS

ESTIMATION PROCEDURE OF INFLUENCE EXERTED BY TRIGGER EFFECTS IN ROCK MASS ON TECHNICAL CONDITION OF LONG-TERM OPERATED UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES
N. N. Abramov

Mining Institute, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209 Russia
e-mail: root@goi.kolasc.net.ru

Physical processes are initiated in rock mass by long-term induced vibration loads which give rise to triggering factors the neglect of which can result in instability of underground structures. The methodical characteristics of the trigger effect monitoring are described for the specific operating conditions of an underground powerhouse hall of a hydroelectric plant in the Kola Peninsula in Russia.

Underground structure, seismic tomography, physical-and-mechanical characteristics of rocks, adjacent rock mass, signal frequency spectrum

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054796 

The study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 180500563.

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6. Abramov, N.N., Epimakhov, Yu.A., Tkachenko, A.P., Savel’ev, V.V., and Klevakin, I.A., Geophysical Monitoring of Underground Structures at the Upper Tuloma Hydroelectric Power Station, Gidrotekh. Stroit., 2011, no. 8, pp. 10–15.
7. Abramov, N.N. and Epimakhov, Yu.A., Instrument-Aided Assessment of the Effect of Natural and Technogenic Factors on the Geomechanical State of a Massif Enclosing an HPP Turbine Room, Power Tech. and Eng., 2016, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 9–12.
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11. Voznesensky, A.S., Kutkin, Ya.O., and Krasilov, M.N., Feasibility of Finding Roof Bolting Strength Margin Using Nondestructive Test Method, Geodynamics and Stress State of the Earth’s Interior: Proc. 20th All-Russian Conference with Foreign Participation, Novosibirsk: IGD SO RAN, 2013, pp. 337–342.

LABORATORY-SCALE MODELING OF TRIGGER EFFECTS DUE TO GAS FILTRATION IN FAULT ZONES IN ROCKS
A. P. Bobryakov and A. F. Revuzhenko

Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
e-mail: bobriakov@ngs.ru
e-mail: revuzhenko@yandex.ru

The process of a rigid rough plate shear in a granular medium is considered. The influence of three factors is analyzed: stiffness of loading, weak shocks and air filtration. It is shown that weak shock actions and air filtration, either separately or jointly, can act as a trigger of uncontrolled dynamic release of elastic energy in rock mass.

Shear, trigger effect, soft loading, fault, sliding friction, gas filtration, granular medium

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054808 

The study was carried out in the framework of the Basic Research Program, project no. AAAA-A17–117121140065–7.

REFERENCES
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4. Trofimov, V.A., Makeeva, T.G., and Filippov, Yu.A., Rock Mass Stability Assessment, Trigger Effects in Geosystems: Proc. 4th All-Russian Conf. with Foreign Participants, Moscow: Geos, 2017, pp. 340–350.
5. Molchanov, A.E., Mechanics of Trigger Effect in Artificial Stimulation of Earthquake, Trigger Effects in Geomedia: All-Russia Workshop Proceedings, Academician RAS. V. V. Adushkin, Professor G. G. Kocharyan (Eds.), Moscow: Geos, 2010, pp. 96–104.
6. Adushkin, V.V., Kocharyan, G.G., and Novikov, V.A., Study of Fault Slip Modes, Izvestiya. Physics of the Solid Earth, 2016, no. 5, pp. 637–647.
7. Kocharyan, G.G. and Ostapchuk, A.A., Effect of Fine Film Viscosity on Friction Interaction of Rock Blocks, DAN, 2015, vol. 463, no. 3, pp. 343–346.
8. Kocharyan, G.G., Ostapchuk, A.A., and Martynov, V.S., Alteration of Fault Deformation Mode under Fluid Injection, J. Min. Sci., 2017, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 216–223.
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10. Bobryakov, A.P. and Revuzhenko, A.F., Effect of Gas Filtration on Dilatancy and Stress State in Granular Material, J. Min. Sci., 2018, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 379–383.
11. Gufel’d, I.L. and Novoselov, O.N., Seismicheskii protsess v zone subduktsii. Monitoring fonovogo rezhima (Seismic Process in Subduction Zone. Background Mode Monitoring), Moscow: MGUL, 2014.
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14. Bobryakov, A.P., Kosykh, V.P., and Revuzhenko, A.F., Trigger Initiation of Elastic Energy Relaxation in High-Stress Geomedium, J. Min, Sci., 2015, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 10–16.

PREDICTION OF BASIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TUFFS USING PHYSICAL AND INDEX TESTS
A. Teymen

Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Department of Mining Engineering,
Nigde, 51240 Turkey
e-mail: ateymen@ohu.edu.tr

The main objective of this experimental work is to determine the physico-mechanical properties of tuffs used as building stone and to investigate the relationships between basic mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, loss of volume by abrasion and impact strength) as well as physical and index properties (apparent porosity, dry unit weight, water absorption, P-wave velocity, Brinell hardness and point load index) of tuffs which are relatively easy to implement and low cost. The rock type investigated in this study was tuffs. Statistical analyses were performed to correlate the different properties. The results show that there are good and satisfactory relationships between the mechanical and physical-index properties of tuffs.

Brinell hardness, tuffs, physical properties, index properties, impact strength, abrasion resistance

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054820 

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GEODYNAMIC SAFETY OF MINING OPERATIONS UNDER ROCKBURST-HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS IN THE KHIBINY APATITE DEPOSITS
A. A. Kozyrev, V. I. Panin, I. E. Semenova, and O. G. Zhuravleva

Mining Institute, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209 Russia
e-mail: innas@goi.kolasc.net.ru

The results of investigations aimed at solving the topical problem of geodynamic risk assessment in mining of the Khibiny rockburst-hazardous deposits in the Kola Peninsula are presented. The developed procedures and approaches contribute to minimization of geodynamic risks under large-scale mining of close-spaced apatite–nepheline ore deposits. The geomechanical model is designed, which allows analyzing successive development of a system of closely spaced deposits in the Khibiny Massif. Based on the model data on the stress–strain state, the optimal sequence and direction of mining in the conditions of rockburst hazard is determined. The nested structure of the rock mass, direction of the tectonic compression, main radial faults, daylight surface relief and the parameters of the ore bodies are taken into account. The complexing of the predicted stress fields and seismicity improves reliability of detection of higher rockburst hazard zones. The examples of stoping sequence substantiation using a set of in-situ and numerical methods are given. The main lines of development in the geomechanical support of mining and the variants of process solutions toward regional and local unloading of rock mass are shown.

Geodynamic risk assessment, stress–strain state, closely spaced deposits, large-scale mining operations, numerical modeling, rock mass under tectonic stresses

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054832 

REFERENCES
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2. Sashurin, A.D. ad Panzhin, A.A., Current Problems in Geomechanical Support of Safe and Efficient Solid Mineral Mining in the North and North-East of Russia, GIAB, 2015, Special Issue S30, pp. 62–70.
3. Kurlenya, M.V., Seryakov, V.M., and Eremenko, A.A., Tekhnogennye geomekhanicheskie polya napryazhenii (Induced Geomechanical Stress Fields), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2005.
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15. Semenova, I.E., Study of the Khibiny Apatite Arc Stress–Strain State Transformation in Large-Scale Mining, GIAB, 2016, no. 4, pp. 300–313.
16. Kozyrev, A.A., Kagan, M.M., Zhirov, D.V., and Konstantinov, K.N., Deformation Prerequisites of Induced Earthquake in the Joint Kirov Mine of Apatit, Geodynamics and Stress State of the Earth’s Interior: Conf. Proc., 2011, vol. 2, pp. 228–234.
17. Korchak, P.A., Zhukova, S.A., and Me’shikov, P.Yu., Seismic Monitoring Build-Up and Development in the Production Activity Zone of Apatit JSC, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2014, no. 10, pp. 42–46.

ROCK FAILURE

INITIATION OF TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES CAUSED BY SURFACE MINING
G. G. Kocharyan and S. B. Kishkina

Institute of Geosphere Dynamics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
e-mail: geospheres@idg.chph.ras.ru

The influence of surface mining on the initiation of large seismic event is considered. The conditions of shearing-type dynamic events are described. A surface mine with the similar parameters as the Bachatsky open pit mine in Kuzbass is adduced as an example for quantifying the mining-induced change in the stress state in the plane of a future rupture as a result of an induced tectonic earthquake nearby a fault plane is quantified. The calculations are performed for different geometrical parameters of the fault zone: the changes are more observable in the zones of gently dipping thrust faulting and less appreciable in the area of steep normal faulting and strike–slip. In case of large surface mines, the zone of positive change in the Coulomb stresses higher than several tenths mega pascals has a considerable dimension and an area markedly larger than the area of nucleation zone of earthquakes of the magnitude . In such conditions, even a small variability at the level of first percentage points of the natural stresses can be sufficient for the initiation of seismicity-generating shearing along the high-stress faults. It is found that, as against underground mining, the surface mining activities have no influence on localization of large earthquake sources but can draw the event nearer.

Induced seismicity, induced earthquakes, surface mining, open pit mine, monitoring, earthquake nucleation zone, faulting zone, Coulomb stress

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054844 

This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 16–17–00095.

REFERENCES
1. Adushkin, V.V. and Turuntaev, S.B., Tekhnogennaya seismichnost’—indutsirovannaya i triggernaya (Stimulated Seismicity—Induced and Triggered), Moscow: IDG RAN, 2015.
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7. Emanov, A.F., Emanov, A.A., Fateev, A.V., Leskova, E.V., Shevkunova, E.V., and Podkorytova, E.G., Mining-Induced Seismicity at Open Pit Mines in Kuzbass (Bachatsky Earthquake on June 18, 2013), J. Min. Sci., 2014, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 224–228.
8. Emanov, A.F., Emanov, A.A., Fateev, A.V., and Leskova, E.V., The Technogenic Bachat Earthquake of June 18, 2013 (ML = 6.1) in the Kuznetsk Basin—The World’s Strongest in the Extraction of Solid Minerals, Seismic Instruments, 2017, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 333–355.
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10. Kocharyan, G.G, Budkov, A.M., and Kishkina, S.B., Initiation of Tectonic Earthquakes during Underground Mining, J. Min. Sci., 2018, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 561–568.
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21. Felzer, K.R. and Brodsky, E. E. The Absence of Stress Shadows, Seismol. Res. Lett., 2003, vol. 75, pp. 285.
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RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE RULE OF ULTRASONIC VIBRATION TIME ON GRANITE DAMAGE
Dajun Zhao and Peng Yuan

College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130026 China
e-mail: 1454462861@qq.com

The method of theoretical analysis, finite element numerical simulation and experimental research were used to explore the damage and the strength degradation law of granite under ultrasonic vibration over time. It is of great significance to improve the effect of rock crushing, and to provide theoretical guidance for the application of ultrasonic vibrators in hard rock drilling and development of ultrasonic vibration rock drilling. The finite element method is used to establish the practical heterogeneous rock model to analyze the law of rock crack propagation in different time periods, and the ultrasonic vibration time threshold is proposed to provide theoretical guidance for the experiment. The porosity and strength of the rock samples are measured by nuclear magnetic resonance and uniaxial compressive strength after vibration. The influence of vibration time on rock damage is analyzed.

Ultrasonic vibration time, granite, rock damage, time threshold

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054856 

REFERENCES
1. Songyu, Yin, Dajun, Zhao, and Guobing, Zhai, Investigation into the Characteristics of Rock Damage Caused by Ultrasonic Vibration, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2016, 84, pp. 159–164.
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13. Cho, S.H., Ogata, Y., and Kaneko, K., Strain-Rate Dependency of the Dynamic Tensile Strength of Rock, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2003, 40 (5), pp. 763–777.
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19. Cho, S.H., Ogata, Y., and Kaneko, K., Strain-Rate Dependency of the Dynamic Tensile Strength of Rock, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2003, 40 (5), pp. 763–777.
20. Bazant, Z.P., Caner, F.C., Carol, I., et al., Microplane Model M4 for Concrete, I, Formulation with Work-Conjugate Deviatoric Stress, J. Eng. Mech., 2000, 126 (9), pp. 944–953.

SCIENCE OF MINING MACHINES

A MIXED WEIBULL METHOD FOR RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF TRICONE ROLLER BITS IN BLASTHOLE DRILLING
S. Prakash and A. K. Mukhopadhyay

Department of Mining Machinery Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines),
Dhanbad, India
e-mail: prakash86satya@gmail.com

Practice of rock drilling with tricone roller bits, which are extensively used in surface mines, needs proper modes of descriptive statistics for predicting the failure rates of its different sub-assembled components. The statistical models for drilling with tricone roller bits are investigated in this article and probability of the non-failure operation is calculated. The interdependency of different component failures is examined by 3D contour plot. The failure rate of the components observed is found not significantly different at 95% contour. In such condition, the reliability is best modelled by Mixed Weibull technique.

Reliability, 3D contour line plot, scatter plot matrix, tricone roller bits, rock properties

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054868 

REFERENCES
1. Beste Ulrik, On the Nature of Cemented Carbide Wear in Rock Drilling, Dissertation, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2004.
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15. Nelson Wayne, B., Applied Life Data Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
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19. Katanov, В.A. and Markov, G.F., Influence of Cutter Arrangement on Drill Bit Efficiency, Soviet Mining, 1976, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 314–318.
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MINERAL MINING TECHNOLOGY

INTERSECTOR MODELING AND MINING
S. Vujić, S. Maksimović, M. Radosavljvić, and D. Jagodić Krunić

Mining Institute Ltd. Belgrade, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
e-mail: slobodan.vujic@ribeograd.ac.rs
Ministry of Mining and Energy, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia

Intersector models are efficient mathematical and modeling tools, which are well studied and widely used in economy. It is contradictory that intersector analysis is neglected in mining, especially since no other field has accepted and implemented the application of the model of operation research as mining did.There are not many satisfactory explanations as to why this is so.In order to explain this dilemma, this paper is directed at the peculiarities and characteristics of the intersector analysis, towards observation of its application in the mining industry on the intersector model of the Mining basin of Kolubara, which operates in the system of the Electric Power Industry of Serbia, and demonstrates the implementation and validation of observations and conclusions.

Intersector modeling, input–output analysis, table of input–output transactions, mining basin of Kolubara

DOI: 10.1134/S106273911805488X

REFERENCES
1. Stanojević, R., Between the Sectoral Models, Economic Institute Belgrade, 1998, 243 p. (in Serbian).
2. Radosavljvić, М., Vujić, S., Boševski, T., Praštalo, Ž., and Jovanović, B., Single-Phase Local Optimization Model for Limestone Supply from Open Pit Mines to Heat Power Plants in Serbia, J. Min. Sci., 2016, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 704–711.
3. Maksimović, S., Application of Among Sectoral Analysis in the Companies of the Thermal Power Sector of Electric Power Industry of Serbia, Elektroprivreda, 2009, no. 1, pp. 85–92.
4. Miller, R.E. and Blair, P.D., Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions, Cambrigde University Press, 2009, 768 p.
5. Stilwell, L.C. and Minnitt, R. C. A., Input-Output Analysis: Its Potential Application to the Mining Industry, Тhe J. of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, November / December, 2000, pp. 455–460.
6. Maksimović, S., Between the Sectoral Models Approaches to Controlling the Coal Industry, University of Belgrade Faculty of Mining and Geology, Doctoral Dissertation, Belgrade, 2011, 243 p. (in Serbian)
7. Arsić, M., Nobel Prize Winners in Economics: Wassily Leontief—the Author Input-Output Analysis, CES Mecon, Belgrade, pp. 115–127.
8. Ivanova, G. and Rolfe, J., Using Input-Output Analysis to Estimate the Impact of a Coal Industry Expansion on Regional and Local Economies, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 29:4, 2011, pp. 277–288.
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10. Lei, T., Liangyu, W., Rijia, D., and Lijia, L., Study on the Dynamic Input-Output Model with Coal Mine Safety, First Int. Symp. on Mine Safety, Procedia Engineering, 2011, vol. 26, pp. 1997–2002.
11. Daskovsky, V.B., Capital Efficiency in Mining, Moscow: Nedra, 1981, 232 p.

PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING NATURAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL COMPONENTS IN ASH CONTENT OF PRODUCED COAL
E. A. Khoyutanov and V. L. Gavrilov

Chersky Institute of Mining of the North, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Yakutsk, 677980 Russia
e-mail: gvlugorsk@mail.ru

Based on the differentiation of coal ash content into constituents, the procedure is developed for estimating overall (technological and natural) dilution. The accumulated data base on the Elgin coal deposit (South Yakutia) is described. This data base was used to model coal seams for studying variability of their parameters and properties. The estimated ash contents due to mining operations and connected with the discriminated natural groups of mineral admixtures are presented. Higher variability of the overall ash content and its components across the area and in section of coal seams is shown. The percentage of various thickness steaks inside coal seams in the structure of ash content may reach 14–27% and more. Coal mines insufficiently account for this fact, which leads to incomplete utilization of geological potential of complex-structure deposits. It is emphasized that the resource-saving ash content control should not only be focused on processing efficiency. Based on additional appraisal of mineral reserves, it is possible to gain new capabilities of control at the stages of mine planning and design, actual mining and coal pretreatment.

Coal, ash content, dilution, Elgin deposit, quality, variability, appraisal

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054891 

REFERENCES
1. Snowden, D.V., Glacken, I., and Noppe, M., Dealing with Demands of Technical Variability and Uncertainty along the Mine Value Chain, Publication Series, Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2002, no. 8, pp. 93–100.
2. Batugin S. A. and Chernyi, E. D. Teoreticheskie osnovy oprobyvaniya i otsenki zapasov mestorozhdenii (Theory of Assaying and Appraisal of Mineral Reserves), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1998.
3. Vann, J., Turning Geological Data into Reliable Mineral Resource Estimates, The Estimation and Reporting of Resources and JORC: The Role of Structural Geology, AIG Bulletin, 2005, no. 42, pp. 9–16.
4. Webber, T., Leite Costa, J.F., and Salvadoretti, P., Using Borehole Geophysical Data as Soft Information in Indicator Kriging for Coal Quality Estimation, Int. J. of Coal Geology, 2013, vol. 112, pp. 67–75.
5. Oliver, M.A. and Webster, R., A Tutorial Guide to Geostatistics: Computing and Modeling Variograms and Kriging, Catena, 2014, vol. 113, pp. 56–69.
6. Benndorf, J., Application of Efficient Methods of Conditional Simulation for Optimizing Coal Blending Strategies in Large Continuous Open Pit Mining Operations, Int. J. of Coal Geology, 2013, vol. 112, pp. 141–153.
7. Hindistan, M.A., Tercan, A.E., and Unver, B., Geostatistical Coal Quality Control in Longwall Mining, Int. J. of Coal Geology, 2010, vol. 81, issue 3, pp. 139–150.
8. Rozgny, T.G., Ozdemir, L., Khardzhitai, R. et al., Coal Industry in the USA in 2006—From Mining of Coal to Its Use, Gluckauf, 2007, no. 1, pp. 64–72.
9. Michael L. George, Learn Six Sigma: Combining Six Sigma Quality with Lean Production Speed, McGraw Hill, 2002.
10. Botvinnik, A.A., Integrated Model of the Coal Outlet Stream in Surface Mining of Coal Seams, J. Min. Sci., 2010, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 271–279.
11. Beretta, F.S., Costa, J.F., and Koppe, J.C., Reducing Coal Quality Attributes Variability Using Properly Designed Blending Piles Helped by Geostatistical Simulation, Int. J. of Coal Geology, 2010, vol. 84, issue 2, pp. 83–93.
12. Freidina, E.V., Botvinnik, A.A., and Dvornikova, A.N., Method and Estimation of Efficient Differentiation of Coal Reserves Based on Washability, J. Min. Sci., 016, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 712–724.
13. Kozlov, V.A., Index of Washability as a Tool for Fractional Coal Composition Researching, GIAB, 2010, no. 9, pp. 13–18.
14. Antipenko, L.A., Methods of Coal Washability Assessment, Ugol’, 2018, no. 8, pp 69–74.
15. Goncharova, N.V., Structuring of Complex Coal Deposits with Respect to Quality, J. Min. Sci., 2015, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1220–1225.
16. Kantemirov, V.D., Yakovlev, A.M., and Titov, R.S., Capabilities of Computer Modeling in Quality Control of Mineral Reserves, Probl. Nedropol’z., 2016, no. 4, pp. 170–176.
17. Botvinnik, A.A., Computer Mapping of Coal Seam by Vector Index of Quality, GIAB, 2004, no. 9, pp. 229–232.
18. Laptev, Yu.V. and Yakovlev, A.M., Prospects for Quality Control of Mineral Reserves at the Elgin Bituminous Coal Deposit, GIAB, 2010, no. 12, issue 4, pp. 83–95.
19. Lukichev, S.V., Institute’s Experience in Program Design for Solving Problems of Mining Technology, GIAB, 2017, no. S23, pp. 19–31.
20. Sapronova, N.P. and Fedotov, G.S., Features of Modeling Bedded Deposits in GIS Micromine Environment, GIAB, 2018, no. S1, pp. 38–45.
21. Batugin, S.A., Gavrilov, V.L., and Khoyutanov, E.A., Ash-Content as a Coal Quality Control Factor in Mining of Complicated-Structure Deposits, J. Fundament. Appl. Min. Sci., 2014, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 56–62.
22. Khoyutanov, E.A. and Gavrilov, V.L., Improvement of Extraction Completeness in Complex-Structure Seams with Regard to Ash Content of Coal in Contact Zones, Vestn. ZabGU, 2016, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 20–29.
23. Ermakov, S.A., Khosoev, D.V., Gavrilov, V.L., and Khoyutanov, E.A., Coal Loss and Dilution in Bulk and Selective Mining of Complex-Structure Elgin Deposit, Gorn. Prom., 2012, no. 6, pp. 50–52.
24. Tkach, S.M., Geotekhnologii otkrytoi dobychi na mestorozhdeniyakh so slozhnymi gorno-geologicheskimi usloviyami (Open Pit Mining Technologies for Mineral Deposits in Complex Geological Conditions), Novosibirsk: Geo, 2013.
25. Cheban, A.Yu., Selective Mining of the Elgin Coal Deposit Using Cutting-and-Grading System, Izv. TulGU. Nauki o Zemle, 2017, no. 4, pp. 247–254.
26. Batugin, S.A., Gavrilov, V.L., and Khoyutanov, E.A., Influence of Thin Dirt Bands on Ash Content of Elgin Coal, Naukoved., 2015, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1–15.
27. Khoyutanov, E.A., Gavrilov, V.L., and Batugina, N.S., Effect of Jointing on Ash Content of South-Yakutia Coal, Geology and Mineral Reserves of Northeastern Russia: Proc. 7th All-Russian Sci.-Pract. Conf., Yakutsk, 2017, vol. 2, pp. 596–602.
28. Fallavena, V. L. V., de Abreu, C.S., Inacio, T.D., Azevedo, C. M. N., Pires, M., Ferret, L.S., Fernandes, I.D., and Tarazona, R.M., Determination of Mineral Matter in Brazilian Coals by Thermal Treatments, Fuel Proc. Technology, 2014, vol. 125, pp. 41–50.
29. Mares, T.E., Radlinski, A.P., Moore, T.A., Cookson, D., Thiyagarajan, P., Ilavsky, J., and Klepp, J., Location and Distribution of Inorganic Material in a Low Ash Yield, Subbituminous Coal, Int. J. of Coal Geology, 2012, vol. 94, pp. 173–181.
30. Vassilev, S.V., Kitano. K., and Vassileva, C.G., Relations between Ash Yield and Chemical and Mineral Composition of Coals, Fuel, 1997, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 3–8.
31. Vassilev, S.V., Baxter, D., Andersen, L.K., and Vassileva, C.G., An Overview of the Composition and Application of Biomass Ash. Part 1: Phase-Mineral and Chemical Composition and Classification, Fuel, 2013, vol. 105, pp. 40–76.
32. Liu, Y., Gupta, R., Sharma, A., Wall, T., Butcher, A., Miller, G., Gottlieb, P., and French, D., Mineral Matter–Organic Matter Association Characterization by QEMSCAN and Applications in Coal Utilization, Fuel, 2005, vol. 84, pp. 1259–1267.
33. Wang, W., Hao, W., Xu, S., Qian, F., Sang, S., Qin, Y., Ash Limitation of Physical Coal Beneficiation for Medium-High Ash Coal—A Geochemistry Perspective, Fuel, 2014, vol. 135, p. 83–90.

PREDICTION OF TOP COAL CAVABILITY CHARACTER OF. A. DEEP COAL MINE BY EMPIRICAL AND NUMERICAL METHODS
İ. F. Öge

Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
e-mail: feridoge@gmail.com; feridoge@mu.edu.tr

Longwall top coal caving mining provides high productivity where thick coal seams exist. The study aims to predict the cavability character of the top coal for deep and thick coal seam in Soma lignite basin located at Western Turkey. Active longwall top coal caving mines are at a depth of 100–400 m and they were used for comparison purposes. New coal mining operations will be initiated in deep sectors of the basin in the future. Future longwall top coal caving operations will be unique under a depth of 700–1200 m with a varied thickness. Several empirical and numerical methods are utilized in the study. Pre-existing empirical approaches lack of essential data and additional numerical modeling is necessary to be employed in order to assess cavability character of the projected new mines. Numerical modeling provides a practical platform for construction of ground response curves. Existing mines and future mining operations can be evaluated and compared by ground reaction curves and a final conclusion about cavability character is reached.

Longwall mining, longwall top coal caving (LTCC), finite element analysis, ground response curves, cavability index

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054903 

REFERENCES
1. Wang, J., Yang, S., Li, Y., Wei, L., and Liu, H., Caving Mechanisms of Loose Top-Coal in Longwall Top-Coal Caving Mining Method, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci., 2014, vol. 71, pp. 160–170.
2. Yasitli, N.E. and Unver, B., 3D Numerical Modeling of Longwall Mining with Top-Coal Caving, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci., 2005, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 219–235.
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5. Basarir, H., Öge, I.F., and Aydin, O., Prediction of the Stresses Around Main and Tail Gates During Top Coal Caving by 3D Numerical Analysis, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci., 2015, vol. 76, pp. 88–97.
6. Vakil, A. and Hebblewhite, B.K., A New Cavability Assessment Criterion for Longwall Top Coal Caving, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci., 2010, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 1317–1329.
7. Suchowerska, A., Merifield, R., and Carter, J., Vertical Stress Changes in Multi-Seam Mining Under Supercritical Longwall Panels, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci., 2013, vol. 61, pp. 306–320.
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LESSONS LEARNT FROM OPEN PIT WALL INSTABILITIES: CASE STUDIES OF BC OPEN PIT HARD ROCK MINES
S. Nunoo

Williams Lake BC V2G 5J1, Canada
e-mail: sam.nunoo@alumni.ubc.ca

The problems of mining in British Columbia (Canada) open pits over three decades under various mining conditions were discussed. The case histories of slope instability with analysis of their features were investigated. The recommendations are given that will benefit present and future pit operations in managing slope stability issues.

Slope movement rates, BC open pits, slope movement, slope instabilities

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054915 

REFERENCES
1. Yang, D.Y., Mercer, R.A., Brouwer, K.J., and Tomlinson, C., Managing Pit Slope Stability at the Kemess South Mine—Changes Over Time, Slope Stability, Vancouver, Canada, 2011.
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3. Calder, P.N. and Blackwell, G., Investigation of a Complex Rock Slope Displacement at Brenda Mines, CIM Bulletin, 1980, vol. 73, no. 820, pp. 73–82.
4. Martin, D.C., Time Dependent Deformation of Rock Slopes, PhD Dissertation, University of London, 1993.
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7. Graden, R., NI 43–101 Technical Report Teck Highland Valley Copper, Highland Valley Copper, 2012.
8. Newcomen, H.W., Shwydiuk, L., and Maggs, C.S., Managing Pit Slope Displacements: Highland Valley Copper’s Lornex Pit Southwest Wall, CIM Bulletin, 2003, vol. 96, no. 1071, pp. 43–48.
9. Imperial Metals. http://www.imperialmetals.com/s/News-2007.asp?ReportID=193331&_Title=Imperial-Reports- Pit-Wall-Failure-at-Huckleberry-Mine. Cited February 20, 2007.
10. Golder, A., A Preliminary Review of Pit Slope Design Parameters for the Proposed Pushback of the South Wall of the Endako Pit (Technical Report), Endako Mine, 2002.
11. Golder, A., Site Visit Report and Preliminary Recommendations Regarding Instability of the SE Wall of the Granite Lake Pit (Technical Memorandum), 2011.
12. Hudson, J.A. and Harrison, J.P., Engineering Rock Mechanics: an Introduction to the Principles, Tarrytown, N.Y., Pergamon, 2005.

MINE AEROGASDYNAMICS

AIRFLOW STABILITY AND DIAGONAL MINE VENTILATION SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION: A CASE STUDY
M. Bascompta, L. Sanmiquel, and H. Zhang

Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Manresa 08242, Barcelona, Spain
e-mail: marc.bascompta@upc.edu
e-mail: lluis.sanmiquel@upc.edu
e-mail: h.zhang@upc.edu

Airflow reverse is a severe problem in an underground ventilation system. In addition, the airflow stability and safety production can be seriously affected by the problem of air velocity overrun in the roadways. In this study the crucial causes of the ventilation problems in a coal mine case study are analyzed and a solution is proposed through an analytical methodology. Measurements indicate high air resistance in the shaft and low values in the maintenance roadway, generating abnormal airflow directional behaviors. Strategies to solve the ventilation-related problems have been proposed and implemented, verifying normal ventilation conditions.

Airflow reverse, velocity overrun, ventilation system, coal mining

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054927 

REFERENCES
1. Wallace, K., Prosser, B., and Stinnette, J.D., The Practice of Mine Ventilation Engineering, Int. J. Min. Sci. Tech., 2015, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 165–169.
2. Wang, L., Cheng, Y.P., Ge, C.G., Chen, J.X., Li, W., Zhou, H.X., and Hai-feng, W., Safety Technologies for the Excavation of Coal and Gas Outburst-Prone Coal Seams in Deep Shafts, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 2013, vol. 57, pp. 24–33.
3. Song, Y.H., Guo, X.Y., Lv. W., Guo, H., and Li, R.Y., A Simulation Study on the Reconstruction of Coalmine Ventilation System Based on Wind Resistance Correction, Int. J. Simulation Modelling, 2017, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 31–44.
4. Kruglov, Y.V., Levin, L.Y., and Zaitsev, A.V., Calculation Method for the Unsteady Air Supply in Mine Ventilation Networks, J. Min. Sci., 2011, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 651–659.
5. Chen, K., Si, J., Zhou, F., Zhang, R., Shao, H., and Zhao, H., Optimization of Air Quantity Regulation in Mine Ventilation Networks Using the Improved Differential Evolution Algorithm and Critical Path Method, Int. J. Min. Sci. Tech., 2015, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 79–84.
6. Chatterjee, A., Zhang, L., and Xia, X., Optimization of Mine Ventilation Fan Speeds According to Ventilation on Demand and Time of Use Tariff, Applied Energy, 2015, vol. 164, pp. 65–73.
7. Kozyrev, S.A. and Osintseva, A.V., Optimizing Arrangement of Air Distribution Controllers in Mine Ventilation System, J. Min. Sci., 2012, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 896–903.
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9. Khan, M.M. and Krige, G.J., Evaluation of the Structural Integrity of Aging Mine Shafts, Engineering Structure, 2002, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 901–907.
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11. Wiatowski, M., Stanczyk, K., Swiadrowski, J., Kapusta, K., Cybulski, K., Krause, E., Grabowski, J., Rogut, J., Howaniec, N., and Smolinski, A., Semi-Technical Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Using the Shaft Method in Experimental Mine Barbara, Fuel, 2012, vol. 99, pp. 170–179.
12. Luo, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Chi, M., Tang, H., and Wang, S., Distributions of Airflow in Four Rectangular Section Roadways with Different Supporting Methods in Underground Coal Mines, Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, 2015, vol. 46, pp. 85–93.
13. Torano, J., Torno, S., Menendez, M., and Gent, M., Auxiliary Ventilation in Mining Roadways Driven with Roadheaders: Validated CFD Modelling of Dust Behavior, Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, 2011, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 201–210.
14. Kurnia, J.C., Sasmito, A.P., Wong, W.Y., and Mujumdar, A.S., Prediction and Innovative Control Strategies for Oxygen and Hazardous Gases from Diesel Emission in Underground Mines, The Science of the Total Environment, 2014, vol. 481, pp. 317–334.
15. Haoran, Z., Pera, L.S., Zhao, Y., and Sanchez, C.V., Researches and Applications on Geostatistical Simulation and Laboratory Modeling of Mine Ventilation Network and Gas Drainage Zone, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2015, vol. 94, pp. 55–64.
16. Su, S., Chen, H., Teakle, P., and Xue, S., Characteristics of Coal Mine Ventilation air Flows, J. of Environmental Management, 2008, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 44–62.
17. Karacan, C.O., Development and Application of Reservoir Models and Artificial Neural Networks for Optimizing Ventilation Air Requirements in Development Mining of Coal Seams, Int. J. of Coal Geology, 2007, vol. 72, no. 3–4, pp. 221–239.
18. Sasmito, A.P., Birgersson, E., Ly, H.C., and Mujumdar, A.S., Some Approaches to Improve Ventilation System in Underground Coal Mines Environment—a Computational Fluid Dynamic Study, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2013, vol. 34, pp. 82–95.
19. Nyaaba, W., Frimpong, S., and El-nagdy, K.A., Optimization of Mine Ventilation Networks Using the Lagrangian Algorithm for Equality Constraints, Int. J. Min., Reclamation and Environment, 2015, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 201–212.
20. Xu, G., Jong, E.C., Luxbacher, K.D., Ragab, S.A., and Karmis, M.E., Remote Characterization of Ventilation Systems Using Tracer Gas and CFD in an Underground Mine, Safety Sci., 2015, vol. 74, pp. 140–149.
21. Alymenko, N.I., Aerodynamic Parameters of Ventilating Passages Joined-Up with the Main Mine Fan, J. Min. Sci., 2012, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 814–823.
22. Song, X. and Mu, X., The Safety Regulation of Small-Scale Coal Mines in China: Analyzing the Interests and Influences of Stakeholders, Energy Policy, 2013, vol. 52, pp. 472–481.

MINERAL DRESSING

INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURAL FEATURES AND NATURE OF INTERACTION BETWEEN MINERALS ON THE SELECTION OF METHODS FOR LEAD-BEARING ORE SEPARATION
V. A. Bocharov, V. A. Ignatkina, A. A. Kayumov, A. R. Makavetskas, and Yu. Yu. Fishchenko

National University of Science and Technology—NUST,
Moscow, 119049 Russia
e-mail: woda@mail.ru

The influence of structural characteristics and interaction parameters of minerals on separation method of lead-bearing complex ore in Russia is analyzed. Based on the studies of deep dissociation of minerals under disintegration using Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLA), the quantitative distribution of mineral associations in grain-size categories is determined. From the data on mineral dissociation, the series of mineral associations, characteristic of complex ore from some deposits, are defined using milled samples of ore material. It is shown that galena associations with chalcopyrite, fahlore, secondary copper sulphides, sphalerite, pyrite and gangue mostly occur in finely dispersed aggregates with fahlore and, to a lesser degree, with other sulphides. The obtained series of mineral associations make it possible to determine the sequence of dissociation and separation of final-size minerals in the inter-cycle operations during flotation. The primary flotation concentrate contains fahlore, secondary copper sulphides, gold associations, galena and corroded pyrite.

Mineral, structure, associations, accretion, disintegration, aggregates, dissociation, technology, selection

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054939 

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant no. 17–05–00890.

REFERENCES
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11. Ma X. and Bruckard, W.J., Rejection of Arsenic Minerals in Sulfide Flotation—A Literature Review, Int. J. Miner. Process., 2009, vol. 93, pp. 89–94.
12. Long, G., Peng, Y., and Bradshaw, D., Flotation Separation of Copper Sulphides from Arsenic Minerals at Rosebery Copper Concentrator, J. Min. Eng., 2014, no. 66–68, pp. 207–214.
13. Bruckard, W.J., Sparrow, G.J., and Woodcock, J.T., A Review of the Effects of the Grinding Environment on the Flotation of Copper Sulphides, Int. J. of Mineral Processing, 2011, vol. 100, no. 1–2, pp. 1–13.
14. Chen X. and Peng Y., The Effect of Regrind Mills on the Separation of Chalcopyrite from Pyrite in Cleaner Flotation, Minerals Engineering, 2015, vol. 83, pp. 33–43.
15. Lin H. K., Walsh, D.E., Sonderland, S.H., Bissue, C., and Debrah, A., Flotability of Metallic Iron Fines from Comminution Circuits and their Effect on Flotation of a Sulfide Ore, Minerals and Metallurgical Proc., 2008, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 206–210.
16. Bocharov, V.A., Ignatkina, V.A., and Kayumov, A.A., Fahl Ore Flotation, J. Min. Sci., 2015, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 573–579.
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22. Mitrofanov, S.I., Selectivnaya flotatsiya (Selective Flotation), Moscow: Nedra, 1968.
23. Ignatkina, V.A. and Bocharov, V.A., Peculiarities in Flotation of Copper Sulfides and Sphalerite from Sulfide Ores, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2014, no. 12, pp. 75–79.
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26. Owusu, C., Brito e Abreu S., Skinner, W., Addai-Mensah, J., and Zanin M. The Influence of Pyrite Content on the Flotation of Chalcopyrite/Pyrite Mixtures, Minerals Engineering, 2014, vol. 55, pp. 87–95.
27. Izoitko, V.M., Tekhnologicheskaya mineralogiya i otsenka rud (Technological Mineralogy and Ore Assessment), Saint Petersburg, Nauka, 1997.
28. Goncalves K. L. C., Andrade V. L. L., and Peres A. E. C. The Effect of Grinding Conditions on the Flotation of a Sulphide Copper Ore, Minerals Engineering, 2003, vol. 16, pp. 1213–1216.
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE BERYLLIUM CONCENTRATE AND BERYLLIUM HYDROXIDE PRODUCTION FROM PHENAKITE–BERTRANDITE MINERAL RAW MATERIAL
V. E. Matyasova, Yu. M. Trubakov, A. V. Lavrent’ev, and A. V. Kurkov

Leading Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Moscow, 115409 Russia
e-mail: info@vniiht.ru
Fedorovsky All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Mineral Resources,
Moscow, 119017 Russia
e-mail: kurkov@vims-geo.ru

The results of the research and tests in production of beryllium concentrate of the superior and commercial grades as well as the marketable fluorite concentrate from ore and waste of the Ermakovsky deposit are presented. The ore and waste contain a mineral complex which is hard to separate using fat acids and features an increased content of fluorite. Production of the marketable flotation concentrate is based on fixation of calcium in pulp using sodium carbonate, caustic soda and sodium tripolyphosphate. The autoclave–membrane electrolysis technology is developed for the production of marketable beryllium hydroxide from beryllium concentrates. The technology consists of a set of successive operations: dissociation in autoclave, separation of the suspension after the autoclave dissociation, removal of admixtures from the solutions, membrane electrodyalysis of alkaline solutions, hydrolysis of sodium beryllate and separation of beryllium hydroxide. The processing data of the test beryllium concentrates obtained using the autoclave–membrane electrolysis technology are given.

Phenakite, bertrandite, fluorite, flotation, beryllium concentrate, autoclave, electrolysis bath, fluorite concentrate, cation-exchange membrane, hydrolysis, beryllium hydroxide

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054951 

REFERENCES
1. Foley, N.K., Jaskula, B.W., Piatak, N.M., and Ruth F. Schulte, Beryllium Chapter E of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States, Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply, ed. by Schulz K. J., DeYoung J. H., Jr., Robert R. Seal II, and Dwight C., Bradley Professional, P. 1802-E.
2. Kupriyanova, I.I. and Shpanov, E.P., Berillievye mestorozhdeniya v Rossii (Beryllium Deposits in Russia), Moscow: Geos, 2011.
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4. Chanturia, V.A. and Kondrat’ev, S.A., Mechanism of Non-sulfide Mineral Flotation with Oleinic Acid, J. Min. Sci., 2014, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 163– 170.
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8. Nikolaevsky, V.B., Kotsar, M.L., and Matyasova, V.E., Membrane Electrolysis in Process for Beryllium Hydroxide Production, Atomnaya Energiya, 2017, vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 83–87.
9. Mazanko, A.F., Kamar’yan G.M., and Romashin, O.P., Promyshlenny membranny elektroliz (Industrial Membrane Electrolysis), Moscow: Khimiya, 1982.
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12. Matyasova, V.E., Nikolaevsky, V.B., and Alekberov, Z.M., Hydrolysis of Sodium Beryllate in Process for Beryllium Hydroxide, Atomnaya Energia, 2016, vol. 121, Issue 3, pp. 149–151.
13. RF patent no. 2598444, Byull. Izobret., 2016, no. 27.

MINERALIZATION KINETICS OF AIR BUBBLE IN PYRITE SLURRY UNDER DYNAMIC CONDITIONS
A. A. Nikolaev, A. Batkhuyag, and B. E. Goryachev

National University of Science and Technology—NUST MISiS,
Moscow, 119049 Russia
e-mail: nikolaevopr@mail.ru

The influence of the velocity and time of pyrite slurry stirring on the kinetics of air bubble mineralization is studied. The subject of the research was pyrite of –0.074+0 mm in size, and the collecting agent was sodium ethyl xanthate. The influence of the velocity and time of pyrite slurry stirring on the mineralization kinetics of air bubble is assessed. The conditions, hydrodynamic modes and time of pyrite slurry stirring to provide minimum and maximum areas of air bubble mineralization at the constant concentration of sodium ethyl xanthate are determined.

Mineralization kinetics, pyrite, slurry, particle–bubble attachment, flotation, ethyl xanthate, flotation kinetics

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054963 

REFERENCES
1. Classen, V.I. and Mokrousov, V.A., Vvedenie v teoriyu flotatsii (Introduction to Flotation Theory), Moscow: Gosgortekhizdat, 1959.
2. Bogdanov, O.S., Maksimov, I.I., Podnek, A.K., and Yanis, N.A., Teoriya i tekhnologiya flotatsii rud (Theory and Process for Mineral Ore Flotation), Moscow: Nedra, 1990.
3. Abramov, A.A., Tekhnologiya obogashcheniya rud tsvetnykh metallov (Non-ferrous Metal Ore Processing), Moscow: Nedra, 1983.
4. Rubinshtein, Yu.B. and Filippov, Yu.A., Kinetika flotatsii (Flotation Kinetics), Moscow: Nauka, 1980.
5. Chanturia, V.A., Vigdergauz, V.E., Elektrokhimiya sul’fidov. Teoriya i praktika (Sulfide Electrochemistry. Theory and Practice), Moscow: Ruda Metally, 2008.
6. Kondrat’ev, S.A., Mineralization of Bubbles during Flotation, J. Min. Sci., 2004, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 92–100.
7. Chanturia, V.A. and Vigdergauz, V.E., Theory and Practice to Enhance Contrast Ratio in Mineral Wetting, Gorn. Zh., 2005, no. 4, pp. 59–63.
8. Kondrat’ev, S.A., Influence of Main Flotation Parameters on Detachment of Hydrophilic Particle from Bubble, J. Min. Sci., 2005, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 373–379.
9. Goryachev, B.E., Naing Lin U, and Nikolaev, A.A., Specific Features of Flotation of Pyrite Originated from Ural Copper-Zinc Deposit by Using Potassium Butyl Xanthate and Sodium Dithiophosphate, Tsv. Met., 2014, no. 6, pp. 16–22.
10. Verrelli, D.I., Koh, P. T. L., and Nguyen, A.V., Particle-Bubble Interaction and Attachment in Flotation, Chemical Engineering Science, 2011, vol. 66, Issue 23, pp. 5910–5921.
11. Goryachev, B.E. and Nikolaev, A.A., Interconnection between Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Two-Component Solid Surface Wetting and Floatability of the Same Surface Particles, J. Min. Sci., 2006, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 296–303.
12. Samygin, V.D. and Grigoriev, P.V., Modeling Hydrodynamic Effect on Flotation Selectivity. P. I, Air Bubble Diameter and Turbulent Dissipation Energy, J. Min. Sci., 2015, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 157–163.
13. Samygin, V.D. and Grigor’ev, P.V., Modeling Hydrodynamic Effect on Flotation Selectivity. P. II, Influence of Initial Feed Separation into Large and Small Fractions, J. Min. Sci., 2015, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 374–379.
14. Nikolaev, A.A., Petrova, A.A., and Goryachev, B.E., Pyrite Grain and Air Bubble Attachment Kinetics in Agitated Pulp, J. Min. Sci., 2016, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 352–359.
15. Meshcheryakov, N.F., Flotatsionnye mashiny i apparaty (Flotation Machines and Apparatus), Moscow: Nedra, 1982.

INTEGRATED PROCESSING OF ASH AND SLAG FROM THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN EASTERN TRANSBAIKALIA
V. P. Myazin, L. V. Shumilova, K. K. Razmakhnin, and S. A. Bogidaev

Chita Division, Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Chita, 672039 Russia
e-mail: myazinvpchita@mail.ru
Transbaikal State University, Chita, 672039 Russia
Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Irkutsk, 664074 Russia

The relevance of the studies into ash and slag from coal combustion in the thermal power sector in Eastern Transbaikalia is governed by the demand for highly efficient and environmentally clean processing technologies aimed at complete utilization of waste. The compositional analysis of the coal–fly ash—ash-and-slag geosystem is given. A special study of processability of ash and slag from combustion of Kharanor, Tataur amd Urtuy coals is carried out, and the main areas of their efficient use in the regional economy are substantiated. The process flow chart is developed for the integrated processing of ash-and-slag waste from thermal power plants in order to obtain marketable products in the form of xenospheres, magnetic fractions, rare and rare earth concentrates, as well as by-products for the building and road construction industries, etc. The proposed complete processing integrates principles of flotation, magnetic and electrostatic separation as well as leaching, and enables considerable reduction in the environmental impact, improvement in performance and increase in investment attractiveness of thermal power plants.

Ash and slag, fly ash, rare metals and rare earths, ash-and-slag by-products, xenosphere, integrated processing of ash and slag from thermal power plants, complete processing line

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054975 

REFERENCES
1. Gosudarstvenny doklad “O sostoyanii i ob okhrane okruzhayushchei sredy Rossiiskoi Federatsii v 2015 godu” (Public Report: State and Protection of the Environment of the Russian Federation in 2015), Moscow: Nature Ministry of the Russian Federation, NIA-Prirody, 2016.
2. Salikhov, V.A., Perspectives to Recover Valuable Non-ferrous and Rare Metals from Ash-Slag Dumps of Kemerovo Power Plants, Vest. Tomsk. Gos. Univer., 2009, no. 327, pp. 163–168.
3. Sarychev, G.A. and Strikhanov, M.N., Development of Mineral and Technogenic Rare-Metal Resources, Computer Method, Integrated Approach to Foundation of Rare-Metal Production Facilities, Tsv. Met., 2012, no. 3, pp. 5–12.
4. Ksenofontov, B.S., Kozodaev, A.S., Taranov, R.A., Vinogradov, M.S., Balina, A.A., and Petroeva, E.V., Flotation Pretreatment of Coal Ash Discharged by Thermal Power Plant before Bacterial Leaching of Rare-Metals from It, Ekologiya i promyshlennost’ Rossii, 2013, no. 8, pp. 4–8.
5. Franus, W., Wiatros-Motyka, M.M., and Wdowin, M., Coalfly Ash as a Resource for Rare-Earth Elements, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., vol. 22, Issue 12, pp. 9464–9474.
6. Blissett, R.S., Smalley, N., and Rowson, N.A., An Investigation into Six Coal Fly Ashes from the United Kingdom and Poland to Evaluate Rare-Earth Element Content, Fuel, 2014, vol. 119, pp. 236–239.
7. Grawunder, A., Merten, D., and Buchel, G., Origin of Middle Rare-Earth Element Enrichment in Acid Mine Drainage-Impacted Areas, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 2014, vol. 21, Issue 11, pp. 6812–6823 
8. Xie, F., Zhang, T.A., Dreisinger, D., and Doyle, F., A Critical Review on Solvent Extraction of Rare Earths from Aqueous Solutions, Miner. Eng., 2014, vol. 56, pp. 10–28.
9. Razmakhnin, K.K., Processing of Natural Zeolite Applied in Filters at Trans-Baikalia Thermal Power Plant, Ekomonitoring. Ekol. Effektivnost’, 2014, no. 10.
10. Shumilova, L.V., Man-Made Deposits as Entities Affecting Higher Negative Impacts on Environment, Mezhd. Nauchn. Zh. Science Time, 2014, no. 8, pp. 325–357.
11. Shpirt, M.Ya., Bezotkhodnaya tekhnologiya, Utilizatsiya otkhodov dobychi i pererabotki tverdykh goryuchikh iskopaemykh (Wasteless Technology. Utilization of Waste after Mining and Processing of Hard Combustible Mineral Materials), Moscow: Nedra, 1986.
12. Myazin, V.P. and Shumilova, L.V., Integrated Development of Transbaikalia Coal Deposits, Proc. Int. Sci. Pract. Conf. 50th Anniversary of Scientific School of Comprehensive Earth Interior Development, Moscow, IPKON RAN, 2017, pp. 254–259.
13. Myazin, V.P., Myazina, V.I., Razmakhnin, K.K., and Shumilova, L.V., Ash-Slag Wastes of Transbaikalia Thermal Power Plant as the Basic Environment Pollution Source and Trends to Reduce its Negative Impact with Foreign Contribution, Proc. Sci.–Pract. Conf. with Int. Partic., Chita, Transbaikal. Gos. Univer., 2017, pp. 218–225. Available at: http://inrec.sbras.ru/conf_water (reference data 13.05.2018).
14. RF patent no. 2340402, Byull. Izobret., 2008, no. 34.

MINERALOGICAL FEATURES OF CHALCOPYRITE AND SPHALERITE IN COPPER–PYRITE ORE TAILINGS IN THE LIGHT OF PROSPECTS FOR THE PURPOSEFUL FORMATION OF MAN-MADE DEPOSITS
E. A. Gorbatova, E. G. Ozhogina, M. V. Ryl’nikova, and D. N. Radchenko

Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, 111020 Russia
e-mail: rylnikova@mail.ru
Fedorovsky All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Mineral Resources,
Moscow, 119017 Russia

The purposeful formation of man-made deposits is connected with the creation of such conditions under which a waste material acquires preset process properties while stored. This will enable future environmental clean processing of waste. Aiming to determine general mechanisms of formation of process properties in copper–pyrite ore tailings, the comprehensive analysis of mineralogical composition of tailings from three concentration plants processing ore from six large copper–pyrite deposits in the South Ural was performed. The crystal-chemical formulas of the basic ore minerals are studied and systematized. The morphological varieties of ore minerals are identified. It is found that even in case of deposits of the same genetic type, processing regimes and parameters of current mill tailings depend on the initial mineralogical features of waste based on which man-made deposits are formed. These features have influence on the mechanisms and stages of the secondary minerogenesis in the man-made deposits.

Copper–pyrite deposits, mineralogical features, crystal-chemical formula, scanning electron microscopy, mill tailings, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, admixture composition, man-made deposits, purposeful formation, comprehensive exploitation

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054987 

The study was supported by the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, program no. 39, section 2.

REFERENCES
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2. Trubetskoy, K.N., Zakharov, V.N., Kaplunov, D.R., and Ryl’nikova, M.V., Efficient Technologies for Mineral Waste Use—The Basis of the Environmental Safety of Subsoil Development, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2016, no. 5, pp. 34–40.
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13. Ozhogina, E.G. and Gorbatova, E.A., Influence of Morphostructural Composition of Non-ferrous Metal Ore Processing Tailings on Recovery of Valuable Components in Their Hydrometallurgical Treatment, Nosov Moscow Gos. Tech. Univers., 2012, no. 1, pp. 10–12.
14. Shadrunova, I.V. and Radchenko, D.N., Integrated Utilization of Tailings Discharged in Processing of Copper-Zinc Ore and Granulated Slag of Copper Melting, GIAB, 2003, no. 11, pp. 219–222.
15. Ryl’nikova, M.V., Gorbatova, E.A., and Emel’yanenko, E.A., Usloviya i protsessy vtorichnogo mineraloobrazovaniya pri ekspluatatsii medno-kolchedannykh mestorozhdenii (Conditions and Processes of Secondary Mineral Formation in Exploitation of Copper-Pyrite Deposits), Moscow: IPKON RAN, 2009.
16. Ryl’nikova, M.V., Radchenko, D.N., Abdrakhmanov, I.A., and Ilimbetov, A.F., RF Patent no. 2328536, Patent Application no. 2006133985/02 dated Sept. 25, 2006.
17. Ryl’nikova, M.V., Radchenko, D.N., Ilimbetov, A.F., and Zvyagintsev, A.G., Pilot-Full-Scale Tests of the Process for Leaching of Copper-Pyrite Ore Processing Tailings, GIAB, 2008, no. 2, pp. 293–301.
18. Zoteev, O.V., Kalmykov, V.N., Gogotin, A.A., and Prodanov, A.N., Fundamentals of the Procedure for Selection of the Process for Stockpiling of Ore Processing Tailings at Pits Undermined by Underground Mines and at Caving Areas, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2015, no. 11, pp. 57–61.
19. Akhmed’yanov, I.Kh., Krasavin, V.P., Danilov, O.N., Grigoriev, V.V., and Kalmykov, V.N., Mining-Engineering Recultivation of Uchalinsk Open Pit by Thickened Ore Processing Tailings, Gornyi Zhurnal, 2014, no. 7, pp. 24–29.

NEW METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS IN MINING

DEVELOPMENT OF TEST BENCH FOR INVESTIGATION OF METHANE FILTRATION INTENSIFICATION IN COAL SAMPLES
M. V. Kurlenya, M. N. Tsupov, and A. V. Savchenko

Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
e-mail: sav@eml.ru

The test bench and procedure are proposed for investigating intensification of methane release from coal samples under wave field action, which favors increase in degassing rate. The additional equipment is designed for delivering coal cores from mines and taking into account free-released methane volume.

Test bench, vibration action, coal, coal seam methane, degassing

DOI: 10.1134/S1062739118054999 

The study was carried out in the framework of state-financed project IX.132.4.3: Development of Physicochemical Bases for Technologies of Complex Treatment of Unconventional Mineral Resources and Technogenic Waste with Manufacture of New Materials and Market Products. Separate research stages were supported by the Foundation for Promotion of Small Business in Science and Technology within Highbrow Program, project no. 10227GU/2015.

REFERENCES
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A TECHNIQUE FOR SURVEYING OF GROUND SURFACE DEFORMATIONS IN MINE FIELD
D. V. Dorokhov, F. K. Nizametdinov, S. G. Ozhigin, and S. B. Ozhigina

Karaganda State Technical University, Karaganda, 100027 Kazakhstan
e-mail: niz.36@mail.ru

The application variants of remote metering technologies, such as laser scanning and airborne imaging, are discussed. Based on the international experience gained in photogrammetry, a technique is proposed for surveying using a camera, quadcopter, electronic tacheometer and an appropriate software support. The sources of errors and the requirements imposed on the survey precision in point positioning in the horizontal and in the vertical are determined. The experimental approval of the technique with the assessment of the obtained data accuracy has been carried out in the Sokolovskaya Mine of the Sokolov–Sarbai Mining and Processing Production Association.

Geomechanical monitoring, surveying, rock movement, ground surface subsidences, underground mining, photogrammetry, quadcopter, 3D model, error, measurement precision estimation

OI: 10.1134/S1062739118055011 

REFERENCES
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3. Instruktsiya po topograficheskoi s’’emke v masshtabakh 1:5000, 1:2000, 1:1000 i 1:500 (Guidelines on Topographic Survey at Scales of 1:5000, 1:2000, 1:1000 and 1:500), GUGK, Moscow: Nedra, 1983.
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6. Ozhigin, D.S., Creating Stability of the Open Pit Walls in the Area of Dragline Mining, Trudy KarGTU, 2017, no. 4 (69), pp. 68–72.
7. Tokunzhin, E.N., Rostov, S.A., Ozhigin, S.G., and Ozhigina, S.B., Geomechanical Monitoring with Application of Advanced Measurement Techniques, Proc. Int. Forum of Innovative Technologies in Geodesy, Mine Surveying and Geotechnics, Karaganda: Izd. KarGTU, 2017, pp. 103–109.
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