JMS, Vol. 50, No. 2, 2014

GEOMECHANICS

INTERACTION OF GEOMECHANICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN KUZBASS COAL
V. N. Oparin,d, T. A. Kiryaeva, V. Yu. Gavrilov, R. A. Shutilov, A. P. Kovchavtsev, A. S. Tanaino, V. P. Efimov, I. E. Astrakhantsev, and I. V. Grenev

The paper presents laboratory and in situ research data on interaction of geomechanical and physicochemical processes in Kuzbass coal of various ranks, considering temperature effect. Under analysis is the relation of stress–strain state, temperature and infrared radiation of coal. The authors study the role of temperature and microstructure of coal in energy and mass exchange processes (variation of mass, volatile yield, specific surface, internal energy of methane adsorption capacity decrease and moisture content). Interrelation of outburst hazard and fire hazard in coal is discussed from the viewpoint of uniform stage-wise thermomechanics and thermochemistry of coal behavior in the course of coal formation and extraction. The article introduces a generalized factor for quantitative description of petrographic properties of coal. Using this factor, the authors classify and describe petrographic groups of Kuzbass coal.

Stress–strain state, temperature, coal, volatile yield, specific surface, structure, porosity, density, oxidation, combustion, outburst hazard, coal ranks, classification

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DYNAMIC MICROPLASTICITY PHENOMENON IN ROCKS DURING P-WAVE PROPAGATION
E. I. Mashinskii

The article describes local microplastic inelasticity in loam during propagation of P-wave with a frequency of 240–1000 Hz between two shallow wells, one holding piezoelectric radiator and the other containing piezoelectric receiver. The seismic record displays microplasticity phenomenon as the step-wise changes of the signal amplitude with time and the flat sections in the curve from microsecond to dozens microseconds long. These plateaus create short-terms breaks of the process—the time lags that depend on the signal amplitude. As a result, the first arrival time of the wave is changed, and the wave is transformed. It is presumable that microplasticity is conditioned by stress concentration at different defects. The research findings can be used in solving applied problems in mining engineering and seismology.

Local inelasticity, dynamic microplasticity, time lag and deformations, inelastic seismic parameters, amplitude dependence of wave velocities and attenuation

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3. Oparin, V.N., Simonov, B.F., Yushkin, V.F., Vostrikov, V.I., Pogarsky, Yu.V., and Nazarov, L.A., Geomechanicheskie i tekhnicheskie osnovy uvelicheniya nefteotdachi plastov v vibrovolnovykh tekhnologiyakh (Geomechanical and Engineering Basis for Enhanced Oil Recovery with Vibro-Technologies), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2010.
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6. Aleksandrova, N.I., Chernikov, A.G., and Sher, E.N., On Attenuation of Pendulum-Type Waves in a Block Rock Mass, Journal of Mining Science, 2006, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 468–475.
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8. Sher, E.N., Aleksandrova, N.I., Ayzenberg-Stepanenko, M.V., and Chernikov, A.G., Influence of the Block-Hierarchical Structure of Rocks on the Peculiarities of Seismic Wave Propagation, Journal of Mining Science, 2007, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 585–591.
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33. Shibkov, A.A., Zolotov, A.E., and Zheltov, M.A., Acoustic Precursor of Unstable Plastic Deformation of Aluminum–Magnesium Amg6 Alloy, Fiz. Tverd. Tela, 2010, vol. 52, issue 11.
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MINING-INDUCED SEISMICITY AT OPEN PIT MINES IN KUZBASS (BACHATSKY EARTHQUAKE ON JUNE 18, 2013)
A. F. Emanov, A. A. Emanov, A. V. Fateev, E. V. Leskova, E. V. Shevkunova, and V. G. Podkorytova

The data on the world-strongest earthquake induced by hard mineral mining—Bachatsky earthquake (local magnitude 6.1) in Kuzbass on June 18, 2013—are reported. Seismic activation of the territory at the Bachatsky Open Pit Mine in 2012–2013 awoke three large earthquakes, sensibly affecting the Kuzbass towns. The authors have analyzed the results of experiments on temporal seismology nets in 2012 and the records of the after-shocks of the Bachatsky earthquake in 2013. The low energy seismic activity is revealed in rocks under the Bachatsky and Shestaki OPMs. It is found that small earthquakes cluster under the center of the open pit mine bottoms, and the larger earthquakes crowd under the pitwalls, and the depth of the earthquake sources is 3–4 km.

Induced earthquake, induced seismicity, Bachatsky Open Pit Coal Mine, Kuzbass, after-shocks, temporal seismic net

REFERENCES
1. Semibalamut, V.M. and Rybushkin, A.Yu., System of High-Resolution Free-Standing Seismic Recorders, Proc. Int. Geophys. Conf. Problems of Seismology of the Third Millennium, Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2003.
2. Emanov, A.F., Emanov, A.A., Leskova, E.V., Fateev. A.V., and Semin, A.Yu., Seismicity Activation during Coal Mining in Kuzbass, Fiz. Mezomekh., 2009, vol. 12, no. 1.
3. Emanov, A.F., Emanov, A.A., Fateev, A.V., Leskova, E.V., Shevkunova, E.V., Manushina, O.A., Demiova, A.A., Vorona, U.I., and Smoglyuk, A.S., Interim Network Observations: Experimental Investigation of Trigger Effects in the Induced Seismicity in Kuzbass, Zemletryaseniya Rossii v 2009 godu (Earthquakes in Russia in 2009), Obninsk: GS RAN, 2011.
4. Oparin, V.N., Emanov, A.F., Vostrikov, V.I., and Tsibizov, L.V., Kinetics of Seismic Emission in Coal Mines in Kuzbass, Journal of Mining Science, 2013, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 521–536.

DEFORMATION OF GRANULAR MATERIAL AROUND. A. RIGID INCLUSION
S. V. Klishin, O. A. Mikenina, and A. F. Revuzhenko

The authors investigate numerically stress–strain state of a granular material around a rigid circular inclusion in case of combined loading under rotation of principal stress axes. Dilatancy, dry friction and viscosity are taken into account. It is shown that under certain conditions, the rigid inclusion undergoes the torque contrariwise the rotation direction. The numerical investigation results are compared with the relevant experiment data.

Stress state, granular material, numerical analysis, discrete element method, rigid inclusion, viscosity

REFERENCES
1. Revuzhenko, A.F., Kosykh, V.P., and Bobryakov, A.P., Localized Plastic Flow of Geomedium around a Rigid Inclusion, Journal of Mining Science, 1998, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 491–497.
2. Bobryakov, A.P. and Revuzhenko, A.F., Experimental Simulation of Spiral Slip Lines on Granular Materials, Journal of Mining Science, 2009, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 99–104.
3. Kraus, E.I., Lavrikov, S.V., Medvedev, A.E., Revuzhenko, A.F., and Shabalin, I.I., Modeling Effect of Differential Rotation under Complex Loading of Granular Mediua, Prikl. Mekh. Tekh. Fiz., 2009, vol. 50, no. 4 
4. Bobet, A., Fakhimi, A., Johnson, S., Morris, J., Tonon, F., and Yeung, M., Numerical Models in Discontinuous Media: Review of Advances for Rock Mechanics Applications, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 2009, vol. 135, issue 11.
5. Igoshkin, A.M., Golovnev, I.F., and Fomin, V.M., Molecular-Dynamic Investigation of an Underlying Medium Temperature on Thermomechanical Characteristics of Nanofilms Formed by Gas Phase, Fiz. Mezomekh., 2013, vol. 16, no. 1.
6. Godunov, S.K., Kiselev, S.P., Kulikov, I.M., Mali, V.I., Numerical and Experimental Modeling of Wave Generation by Explosive Welding, Trudy Matem. Inst. Steklova, 2013, vol. 281.
7. Williams, J.R. and O’Connor, R., Discrete Element Simulation and the Contact Problem, Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 1999, vol. 6, issue 4.
8. Potyondy, D.O. and Cundall, P.A., A Bonded Particle Model for Rock, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2004, vol. 41, issue 8.
9. Kolonko, M., Raschdorf, S., and Wasch, D., A Hierarchical Approach to Simulate the Packing Density of Particle Mixtures on a Computer, Granular Mater., 2010, vol. 12, issue 6.
10. Labra, C. and Onate, E., High-Density Sphere Packing for Discrete Element Method Simulations, Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2009, vol. 25, issue 7.
11. Revuzhenko, A.F., Prilivnye volny i napravlennyi perenos mass zemli (Tidal Waves and Directional Mass Transport in the Earth System), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2013.

SIMPLEST DEFORMATION MODELS OF. A. FLUID-SATURATED POROELASTIC MEDIUM
O. B. Bocharov, V. Ya. Rudyak, and A. V. Seryakov

Under analysis is the model of two-phase flow in porous medium and deformation of the pore space. The model includes the equations of fluid transfer and porous matrix deformation, derived from the conservation laws. It is shown that the system of the constitutive equations contains a few small parameters, and the corresponding expansion allows obtaining a hierarchical sequence of models of certain deformation conditions. The zero approximation and first approximation models are written in explicit form. It is found that if fluids are incompressible, the first approximation equations go to the Buckley–Leverett model-like system with account for the change of the porous space. The zero approximation equations describe the porous medium behavior under condition of the unchanged volume. In this case, the equation of the pore pressure is separated from the equation of the elastic matrix. The analytical solutions obtained for the zero approximation model in cylindrical coordinates feature shear stresses capable to cause failure.

Poroelasticity, theory of mixtures, scaling method, saturated porous medium, couple model, unchanged volume medium, analytical solutions

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16. Masket, M., Techenie neodnorodnykh zhidkostei v poristykh sredakh (Heterogeneous Fluid Flow in Porous Media), Moscow–Leningrad: Gostoptekhizdat, 1949.
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22. Ashikhmin, S.G., Scientific Basis for Method of Stress–Strain Prediction in Rocks during Oil and Gas Recovery, Cand. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Perm, 2008.
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24. Coussy, O., Poromechanics, John Willey & Sons Ltd., 2004.
25. Ivanova, Yu.E., Method of Perturbances in the Dynamics of Deformation of Incompressible Elastic Media Cand. Phys.-Math. Dissertation, Vladivostok, 2007.
26. Cui, L., Kaliakin, V.N., Abousleiman, Y., and Cheng, A.H.-D., Finite Element Formulation and Application of Poroelastic Generalized Plane Strain Problems, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 1997, vol. 34, no. 6.
27. Zaitsev, V.F. and Polyanin, A.D., Spravochnik po obyknovennym differentsial’nym uravneniyam (Reference on Ordinary Differential Equations), Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2001.
28. Prudnikov, A.P., Brychkov, Yu.A., and Marichev, O.I., Integraly i ryady (Integrals and Series), 2nd Revised Edition, Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2003.
29. Shemyakin, E.I., Fisenko, G.L., Kurlenya, M.V., Oparin, V.N., et al., Zonal Disintegration of Rocks around Underground Workings. Part I: Data of In Situ Observations, Journal of Mining Science, 1986, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 157–168.
30. Manakov, A.V. and Rudyak, V.Ya., Joint Modeling Algorithm for Filtration Processes and Geomechanics in the Well Bore Zone, Sib. Zh. Industr. Matem., 2012, vol. 15, no. 1.
31. Rudyak, V.Ya and Seryakov, A.V., Effect of Nonuniform Drill Mud Cake on Stress State of Reservoir Rocks, Journal of Mining Science, 2012, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 636–641.

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THERMALLY STIMULATED ACOUSTIC EMISSION IN VARIOUS-GENOTYPE ROCK SPECIMENS UNDER UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION
V. L. Shkuratnik, E. A. Novikov, and R. O. Oshkin

The consistent patterns of low temperature-stimulated acoustic emission (TAE) in rocks of various genotypes and porosity under uniaxial compression are experimentally examined and theoretically based. It is shown that these consistent patterns obtained in magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks qualitatively coincide. The authors compare limits of deformation stages in the tested rocks, found by a conventional method based on strain measurements in specimens under compression and by the TAE method. It is explained that the thermal acoustic emission phenomena are associated with the transfer of the studied objects between deformation stages depending on the initial faulted-porous structure of a geomaterial. The applicability of the TAE method to controlling stresses and their time and space dynamics in rocks is illustrated.

Rocks, genotype, uniaxial compression, thermally stimulated acoustic emission, theoretical basis, stress–strain state, porosity

REFERENCES
1. Oparin, V.N., Usol’tseva, O.M., Semenov, V.N., and Tsoi, P.A., Evolution of Stress–Strain State in Structured Rock Specimens under Uniaxial Loading, Journal of Mining Science, 2013, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 677–690.
2. Lavrov, V.V. and Shkuratnik, V.L., Acoustic Emission in Rock Deformation and Failure (Survey), Akust. Zh., 2005, vol. 51 (appendix).
3. Voznesensky, A.S., Nabatov, V.V., Kutkin, Ya.O., and Novikov, E.A., Structural Diagnostics of Rocks Based on Thermoacoustic Emission Analysis, Proc. All-Russian Conf. Geodynamics and Stress State of the Earth’s Interior Devoted to the 80th Anniversary of Academician M. V. Kurlenya, Novosibirsk: IGD SO RAN, 2011.
4. Shkuratnik, V.L. and Novikov, E.A., Structural Damage Diagnostics in Hard Rock Specimens by Thermostimulated Acoustic Emission Parameters, Proc. 13th Int. Conf. Physicochemical and Petrophysical Research in Geosciences, Moscow: IGEM RAN, 2012.
5. Baranov, V.M., Gritsenko, A.I., et al., Akusticheskaya diagnostika i kontrol’ na predpriyatiyakh toplivno-energeticheskogo kompleksa (Acoustic Diagnostics and Control in Fuel and Energy Industry), Moscow: Nauka, 1998.
6. Shkuratnik, V.L. and Novikov, E.A., Correlation of Thermally Induced Acoustic Emission and Ultimate Compression Strength in Hard Rocks, Journal of Mining Science, 2012, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 629–635.
7. Shkuratnik, V.L. and Novikov, E.A., Interrelation of Thermally Stimulated Acoustic Emission, Stress–Strain State and Pre-Failure State in Geomaterial, Proc. 20th All-Russian Conf. Geodynamics and Stress State of the Earth’s Interior, Novosibirsk: IGD SO RAN, 2013.
8. RF State Standard 21153.2–84, Porody gornye. Metody opredeleniya predela prochnosti pri odnoosnom szhatii (Rocks. Methods to Estimate Uniaxial Compression Strength), Moscow: Izd. standartov, 2001.
9. RF State Standard 30629–2011, Materialy i izdeliya oblitsovochnye iz gornykh porod. Metody ispytanii (Materials and Lining Made of Rocks. Test Methods), Moscow: Standartinform, 2012.
10. RF State Standard 28985–91, Porody gornye. Metod opredeleniya deformatsionnykh kharakteristik pri odnoosnom szhatii (Rocks. Method to Estimate Deformation Characteristics under Uniaxial Compression), Moscow: Izd. standartov, 1991.
11. Filimonov, Yu.L., Acoustic Emission Patterns in Salt Rocks under Deformation, Cand. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Moscow: MGU, 2002.
12. Voznesensky, A.S. and Tavostin, M.N., Acoustic Emission of Coal in the Postlimiting Deformation Stage, Journal of Mining Science, 2005, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 291–297.
13. Sobolev, G.A., Ponomarev, A.V., Kol’tsov, A.V., Salov, B.G., Babichev, O.V., Terent’ev, V.A., Patonin, A.V., and Mostryukov, O.A., Acoustic Emission Excitation by Elastic Pulses, Fiz. Zemli, 2001, no. 1.

FREQUENCY–TIME PRESENTATION OF GEORADAR PROFILES BASED ON CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM
K. O. Sokolov

The article proposes to estimate electromagnetic energy dissipation in a medium using a new processing method of georadar profiles based on continuous wavelet transform. The proposed method applicability to location of inhomogeneities in a highly electroconductive frozen rock mass is illustrated.

Georadiolocation, wavelet-analysis, permafrost zone, rock mass, inhomogeneity

REFERENCES
1. Khmelevskoy, V.К., Gorbachev, Yu.I., Kalinin, А.V., Popov, М.G., Seliverstov, N.I., and Shevnin, V.А., Geofizicheskie metody issledovanii: ucheb. posobie (Geophysical Survey Methods: Tutorial), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski: КGPU, 2004.
2. Izyumov, S.V., Druchinin, S.V., and Voznesensky, А.S., Teoriya i metody georadiolokatsii: ucheb. posobie (Theory and Methods of Georadiolocation: Tutorial), Moscow: Gornaya kniga, МGGU, 2008.
3. Manshtein, А.К., Maloglubinnaya geofizika: posobie po spetskursu (Shallow Geophysics: Special Course Textbook), Novosibirsk: NGU, 2002.
4. Neradovsky, L.G., Guidelines on Studying Permafrost Using Dynamic Georadiolocation Method, Izbr. trudy Ros. shkoly po problemam nauki i tekhnologii (Russian School Selectals on Problems of Science and Technology), Moscow: RAN, 2009.
5. Kulyandin, G.А., Fedorova, L.L., Omel’yanenko, А.V., and Olenchenko, V.V., Defining Electrophysical Properties of Rock Mass Using Georadar Logging Method, Gorn. Inform.-Analit. Byull., 2011, no. 8.
6. Khakiev, Z.B., Georadiolocation Method in Soil Tests, Proc. 3rd All-Russian Conf. Radiolocation and Radio Connection, Moscow, 2009.
7. Denisov, R.R. and Kapustin, V.V., Automatic Processing of Georadar Data, Geofizika, 2010, no. 4.
8. Irving, J.D. and Knight, R.J., Removal of Wavelet Dispersion from Ground-Penetrating Radar Data, Geophysics, 2003, vol. 68, no. 3.
9. Baili, J., Lahouar, S., Hergli, M., Amimi, A., Besbes, K., Application of the Discrete Wavelet Transform to Denoise GPR Signals, Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. Communications, Control and Signal Processing, Marrakech, 2006.
10. Fedorova, L.L. and Sokolov, К.O., Georadiolocation of Rock Mass of Placer Deposits in Permafrost Zone Covered by Electrically Conductive Layer, Gorn. Inform.-Analit. Byull., 2011, no. 8.
11. Finkel’shtein, М.I., Karpukhin, V.I., Kutev, V.А., and Metelkin, V.N., Podpoverkhnostnaya georadiolokatsiya (Subsurface Georadiolocation), Moscow: RadioIsvyaz’, 1994.
12. Druchinin, S.V., Leshchanskii, Yu.I., and Podshibyakin, N.G., The Effect of Soil Conductivity on Shape and Amplitude of Georadar Impulse Signals, Problemy difraktsii i rasprostraneniya voln: mezhduved. sb. (Problems of Wave Diffraction and Propagation: Interdepartmental Collected Works), Moscow: MFTI, 1994.

DEFORMATIONAL CRITERIA FOR THE STABILITY OF ROOF ROCKS AND ROCK BOLTS
M. A. Rozenbaum and D. N. Demekhin

The authors discuss issues of stage-wise rock bolting of mine workings. Using equivalent material models, permissible roof rock lamination for roof bolting in conformity with the excavation support standards is evaluated. The critical displacements of roof rocks that make stage-wise roof bolting impossible are calculated.

Mine working, rock bolts, stage-wise rock bolting, stability, permissible displacements, critical displacements, equivalent material model

REFERENCES
1. Starikov, А.P. and Snizhko, V.D, Advanced Experience of High-Rate Development of Mine Workings in the Zarechnaya Mine in Kuzbass, Ugol’, 2008, no. 11.
2. Oltaunyan, P., Systems of High-Rate Driving of Mine Workings in European Countries, Gluckauf, 2001, no. 11.
3. Korennoy, Yu.P., Vlasenko, D.S., and Demekhin, D.N., Parameter Determination for Two-Level Roof Bolting of Mine Workings, Sbornik nauchnykh trudov VNIMI (VNIMI Collection of Scientific Papers), Saint Petersburg, 2012.
4. Magdych, V.I., Egorov, А.P., and Emel’yanov, А.Е., The Prospect of Development and Introduction of Technology of Stage–Wise Driving and Anchoring of Heavy-Gauge In-Seam Development Workings in Mines in Kuzbass, Sbornik nauchnykh trudov VNIMI (VNIMI Collection of Scientific Papers), Saint Petersburg, 2012.
5. Yakobi, О., Praktika upravleniya gornym davleniem (Rock Pressure Control Practice), Moscow: Nedra, 1987.
6. Oparin, V.N., Tapsiev, A.P., Rozenbaum, M.A., et al., Zonal’naya dezintegratsiya gornykh porod i ustoychivost’ podzemnykh vyrabotok (Zonal Disintegration of Rocks and Stability of Underground Excavations), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2008.
7. Glushikhin, F.P., Kuznetsov, G.N., Shklyarskiy, М.F., et al., Modelirovanie v geomekhanike (Modeling in Geomechanics), Moscow: Nedra, 1991.

ROCK FAILURE

HYDROFRACTURE GROWTH IN. A. COMPRESSED QUASI-REGULAR BLOCKY ROCK MASS
P. A. Martynyuk and E. N. Sher

Effect of irregular structure of a compressed blocky rock mass on propagation of a hydrofracture is analyzed in the limit case when biaxial compression field is hydrostatic.

Hydraulic fracturing, blocky rock mass, compression field, fracture opening

REFERENCES
1. Sadovsky, M.A., Natural Lumpiness of Rocks, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1979, vol. 247, no. 4.
2. Oparin, V.N., Tapsiev, A.P., Rozenbaum, M.A., et al., Zonal’naya dezintegratsiya gornykh porod i ustoichivost’ podzemnykh vyrabotok (Zonal Disintegration of Rocks and Stability of Underground Openings), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2008.
3. Martynyuk, P.A. and Sher, E.N., Development of a Crack Created by Hydraulic Fracturing in a Compressed Block Structure Rock, Journal of Mining Science, 2010, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 510–515.
4. Martynyuk, P.A., Features of Hydraulic Fracture Growth in a Compression Field, Journal of Mining Science, 2008, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 544–553.
5. Savruk, M.P., Dvumernye zadachi uprugosti dlya tel s treshchinami (2D Elasticity Problems for Bodies with Cracks), Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1981.
6. Panasyuk, V.V., Savruk, M.P., and Datsyshin, A.P., Raspredelenie napryazhenii okolo treshchin v plastinakh i obolochkakh (Stress Distribution at Cracks in Plates and Shells), Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1976.
7. Osiv, P.V. and Savruk, M.P., Stress Distribution in an Infinite Plate with a Kinked or Branching Crack, Prikl. Mekh. Tekh. Fiz., 1983, no. 2.
8. Savruk, M.P., Osiv, P.N., and Prokopchuk, N.V., Chislennyi analiz v ploskikh zadachakh teorii treshchin (Numerical Analysis in Plane Problems of Theory of Cracks), Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1989.
9. Martynyuk, P.A. and Sher, E.N., Features of Normal Tension Cracks Forming in Rocks Under Compression, Journal of Mining Science, 2004, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 605–614.

LOCAL MINIMUM OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN HARD ROCK FAILURE IN NEGATIVE TEMPERATURE RANGE
E. V. Zakharov and A. S. Kurilko

The article reports studies into the influence of negative temperature on energy consumption in rock failure. In terms of limestone sampled at the Udachny and Mokhsogollokh Open Pit Mines and kimberlite sampled at the Internatsionalnaya and Udachnaya Pipes, it is found that energy consumption in rock failure greatly decreases in the temperature range between – 5 and – 15°С.

Energy consumption in failure, negative temperature, carbonate rocks, kimberlite

REFERENCES
1. Potemkin, S.V., Razuprochnenie merzlykh i stsementirovannykh porod rossypnykh mestorozhdenii: praktich. i ucheb posobie (Weakening of Frozen and Cemented Rocks in Placers: Practical and Study Guide), Moscow: MGGA, 1995.
2. Tsytovich, N.A., Mekhanika gruntov (Soil Mechanics), Moscow: Gosstroiizdat, 1963.
3. Zelenin, A.N., Osnovy razrusheniya gruntov mekhanicheskimi sposobami (Principals of Mechanical Destruction of Rocks), Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1968.
4. Fedulov, A.I. and Ivanov, R.A., Specific Indices of the Material Failure Processes and Engineering performance Standard Estimates for Percussive Machines, Journal of Mining Science, 2006, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 68–73.
5. Rzhevsky, V.V. and Novik, G.Ya., Osnovy fiziki gornykh porod: ucheb. dlya vuzov (Basics of Rock Physics: College Textbook), Moscow: Nedra, 1984.
6. Moskalev, A.N., Pigida, E.Yu., Kerekelitsa, L.G., and Vakhalin, Yu.N., Razrushenie gornykh porod pri termotsiklicheskom vozdeistvii (Rock Failure under Cyclic Thermal Effect), Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1987.
7. Zakharov, E.V. and Kurilko, A.S., Energy Consumption in Rock Destruction and Its Dependence on Temperature, Nauka Obrazovan., 2009, no. 1.
8. Baron, L.I., Konyashin, Yu.G., and Kurbatov, V.M., Drobimost’ gornykh porod (Rock Crushability), Moscow: AN SSSR, 1963.
9. Karkashadze, G.G., Mekhanicheskoe razrushenie gornykh porod (Mechanical Destruction of Rocks), Moscow: MGGU, 2004.
10. Kurilko, A.S., Eksperimental’nye issledovaniya vliyaniya tsiklov zamorazhivaniya–ottaivaniya na fiziko-mekhanicheskie svoistva gornykh porod (Testing the Influence of Cyclic Freezing–Defrostation on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Rocks), Yakutsk: YaF GU, SO RAN, 2004.
11. Kurilko, A.S. and Novopashin, M.D., Features of Low Temperature Effect upon Strength of Enclosing Rocks and Kimberlite in the Udachnaya Pipe, Journal of Mining Science, 2005, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 119–122.

ROCK FAILURE PREDICTION IN MINES BY SEISMIC MONITORING DATA
V. I. German

The author analyzes the physical sense of the seismicity characteristics most often used in assessment of failure hazard in mines. Based on the failure mechanics, the modified damage accumulation criterion successfully used in failure prediction in Zhezkazgan copper mine is described and validated.

Failure prediction, seismic monitoring, damage accumulation criterion, parameter of closeness of seismic events

REFERENCES
1. Kuksenko, V.S., Inzhevatkin, I.Е., Manzhikov, B.Ts., Stanchits, S.А., Tomilin, N.G., and Frolov, D.I., Physical and Methodological Principles of Rock Burst Prediction, Journal of Mining Science, 1987, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 6–17.
2. Tomilin, N.G. and Voinov, K.A., Technique and Results of the Rock Burst Prediction, Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanics of Jointed and Faulted Rock, Rotterdam: Balkema, 1995.
3. Malovichko, А.А., Zav’yalov, А.D., and Kozyrev, А.А., Rockbursts, Prirodnye opasnosti Rossii. T. 1. Seismicheskie opasnosti (Natural Hazards of Russia. Vol. 1: Seismic Hazards), Moscow: Kruk, 2000.
4. Mansurov, V.A., Prediction of Rockbursts by Analysis of Induced Seismicity Data, Int. J. Rock Mechanics and Mining Sci., 2001, vol. 38, no. 6.
5. Mel’nikov, N.N. (Ed.), Seismichnost’ pri gornykh rabotakh (Seismicity in Mining Operations), Apatity: KNTs RAN, 2002.
6. Tekhnogennaya seismichnost’ pri gornykh rabotakh: modeli ochagov, prognoz, profilaktika: Sb. dokl. Mezhdunar. soveshch. (Induced Seismicity in Mining: Focus Models, Forecast, Preventive Measures: Proc. Int. Conf.), Apatity: KNTs RAN, 2004.
7. Rasskazov, I.Yu., Anikin, P.А., Migunov, D.S., and Iskra, А.Yu., Results of Geoacoustic Control of Rockburst Hazard in Mines of the Far East, Gorn. Inform.-Analit. Byull., 2008, no. 11.
8. Zhurkov, S.N., Kuksenko, V.S., Petrov, V.А., Savel’ev, V.N., and Sultonov, U.S., Rock Failure Prediction, Izv. AN SSSR. Fiz. Zemli, 1977, no. 6.
9. Kuksenko, V.S., Kinetic Aspects of Failure and Physical Bases of its Prediction, Prognoz Zemletr., 1983, no. 4.
10. Damaskinskaya, Е.Е., Kuksenko, V.S., and Tomilin, N.G., Two-Stage Model of Rock Failure, Fiz. Zemli, 1994, no. 10.
11. Zhurkov, S.N., The Kinetic Concept of Strength of Rigid Bodies, Vestn. AN SSSR, 1968, no. 3.
12. Zhurkov, S.N., Kuksenko, V.S., Petrov, V.А., Savel’ev, V.N., and Sultonov, U.S., Concentration Criterion of Bulk Solid Fracture, Fizicheskie protsessy v ochagakh zemletryasenii (Physical Processes in Earthquake Focuses), Sadovsky, М.А., Myachkin, V.I. (Eds.), Moscow: Nauka, 1980.
13. Sobolev, G.А. and Zav’yalov, А.D., Concentration Criterion of Seismic Breakdowns, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1980, vol. 252, no. 1.
14. Zav’yalov, А.D., Srednesrochnyi prognoz zemletryasenii (Medium-Term Earthquake Forecast), Moscow: Nauka, 2006.
15. Rebetskii, Yu.L., The State and Problems of the Theory on the Forecasting of Earthquakes. The Analysis of Principles in Terms of Deterministic Approach, Geofiz. Zh., 2007, vol. 29, no. 4.
16. Makarov, P.V., Smolin, I.Yu., Stefanov, Yu.P., Kuznetsov, P.V., Trubitsyn, А.А., Trubitsyn, N.V., Voroshilov, S.P., and Voroshilov, Ya.S., Nelineinaya mekhanika geomaterialov i geosred (Nonlinear Mechanics of Geomaterials and Geomedia), Novosibirsk: Geo, 2007.
17. German, V.I. and Mansurov, V.А., Induced Seismicity Monitoring and Procedure of Rockburst Focus Localization, Journal of Mining Science, 2002, no. 4.
18. Myachkin, V.I., Kostrov, B.V., Sobolev, G.А., and Shamina, О.G., Bases of Focus Physics and Forerunners of Earthquake, Fizika ochaga zemletryaseniya (Physics of Earthquake Focus), Moscow: Nauka, 1975.
19. Zav’yalov, А.D., From the Kinetic Theory of Strength and Failure Concentration Criterion to Density of Seismic Breakdown and Earthquake Forecast, Fiz. Tverd. Tela, 2005, vol. 47, no. 6.
20. Sobolev, G.А., Chelidze, T.L., Zav’yalov, А.D., Slavina, L.B., and Nikoladze, V.Е., Maps of Anticipated Earthquakes Based on Seismological Feature Complex, Izv. AN SSSR. Fiz. Zemli, 1990, no. 11.
21. Kosobokov, V.G., Earthquake Prediction: Bases, Implementation, Prospects, Prognoz zemletryasenii i geodinamicheskie protsessy, Ch. I (Vychislitel’naya seismologiya) (Earthquake Prediction and Geodynamical Processes, Part I: Computational Seismology), issue 36, Moscow: GEOS, 2005.
22. Malovichko, А.А., Malovichko, D.А., and Dyagilev, R.А., Seismological Monitoring at the Mines of the Upper Kama Potash Salt Deposit, Gorny Zh., 2008, no. 10.
23. Metodicheskie ukazaniya po ekspress-otsenke sostoyaniya vyrabotannogo prostranstva Zhezkazganskogo mestorozhdeniya (Instructional Guidelines on Express-Evaluation of the State of the Mined-Out Space of Zhezkazgan Deposit), Karaganda, 1999.
24. Alipbergenov, М.К., Mansurov, V.A., Satov, М.Zh., and Makarov, А.B., Up-to-Date Integrated Monitoring as a Robust Tool for the Upgrading of Efficiency and Safety of Mining Operations, Gorny Zh., 2002, no. 5.
25. Mulev, S.N., Marysyuk, V.P., Anokhin, А.G., and Nagovitsin, Yu.N., Causes, Features and Criteria of Increase in Seismic Activity in Deep Mines of Noril’sk, Gorny Zh., 2011, no. 2.
26. Belyaeva, L.I., Skakun, А.P., Mulev, S.N., Method of Prediction of Rockburst Hazardous State in Seismological Conditions of Komsomol’skaya Mine Field, Gorn. Inform.-Analit. Byull., 2009, no. 12.
27. Rasskazov, I.Yu., Kontrol’ i upravlenie gornym davleniem na rudnikakh Dal’nevostochnogo regiona (Ground Control at Mines of the Far East Region), Moscow: Gorn. kniga, 2008.
28. Ukazaniya po bezopasnomu vedeniyu gornykh rabot na mestorozhdeniyakh Gornoi Shorii, sklonnykh k gornym udaram (Instructions on Safety Mining in Gornaya Shoria in Rockburst Hazard Conditions), Novokuznetsk, 1991.
29. Mansurov, V.А. and German, V.I., Downfall Forecast at Zhezkazgan Deposit according to Seismic Monitoring Data, Gorny Zh., 2007, no. 1.
30. German, V.I. and Mansurov, V.А., Downfall Prediction at Zhezkazgan Copper Deposit, Gorn. Inform.-Analit. Byull., 2010, no. 1.
31. German, V.I., Development of Formal Technique of Selection of Microseismicity Data Corresponding to Rockbursts Preparation, Physical Bases of Rock Failure Prediction: Proc. of the 1st Intern. Seminar-School, Krasnoyarsk: SibGAU, 2002.
32. Parton, V.Z., Mekhanika razrusheniya: ot teorii k praktike (Fracture Mechanics: From Theory to Practice), Moscow: Nauka, 1990.
33. Das, S. and Scholz, C.H., Theory of Time-Dependent Rupture in the Earth, J. Geophys. Res., 1981, vol. 86.
34. Kagan, Y.Y. and Jackson, D.D., Probabilistic Forecasting of Earthquakes, Geophys. J. Int., 2000, vol. 143, no. 2.
35. Mogi, К., Earthquake Prediction, Academic Press, 1985.

MINERAL MINING TECHNOLOGY

METHODOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT TOOL FOR ROBUST CONTROL IN OPEN PIT MINES. PART I: DECISION-MAKING SYSTEM AND MINERAL QUALITY CONTROL
E. V. Freidina, A. A. Botvinnik, and A. N. Dvornikova

Topicality, concept, principles and tool of the robust control in open pit mining are given. It is shown that each stage of the product quality control must have permissible range of fluctuation for coal properties, loading equipment capacity and work area limits in open pit mines. The goal and capabilities of the robust control is the stable operation of the production system within the set limits and constraints. The article presents methodology and implementation tool for the robust control in open pit coal mines.

Robustness, open pit mining, robust control, permissibe variation range, quality control, geoinformation modeling, complete and conditionally dynamic models, quality maps, control maps

REFERENCES
1. Moiseev, N.N., Algoritmy razvitiya (Development Algorithms), Moscow: Nauka, 1987.
2. Pevzner, L.D., Teoriya sistem upravleniya (Theory of Control Systems), Moscow: MGGU, 2002.
3. Freidina, E.V., Botvinnik, A.A., and Dvornikova, A.N., On Problem of the Quarry Management as a Robust System, Proc. Nat. Sci. Tech. Conf. Automation, Sofia, 2006.
4. Freidina, E.V., Tret’yakov, A.S., and Molotilov, S.G., Metody tekushchego planirovaniya na kar’erakh (Current Open Pit Mine Planning Methods), Novosibirsk: IGD SO RAN, 1988.
5. Shchadov, M.I., Freidina, E.V., Botvinnik, A.A., and Dvornikova, A.N., System Control of Coal Quality in Open Pit Mining, Ugol’, 2003, no. 2.
6. Botvinnik, A.A. and Dvornikova, A.N., Reserves Mapping by a Number of Indexes in Coal Product Quality Formation, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. High Mineral Mining and Processing Technologies, Novosibirsk: IGD SO RAN, 2003.
7. Botvinnik, A.A., Integrated Model of the Coal Outlet Stream in Surface Mining of Coal Seams, Journal of Mining Science, 2010, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 271–279.
8. Freidina, E.V., Botvinnik, A.A., and Dvornikova, A.N., Geoinformation Technologies in Validation of Commercial Potential of a Coal Deposit, Proc. 4th All-Russian Conf. Problems of Comprehensive Development of Georesources, Khabarovsk, 2011.
9. Chekmarev, A.N., Barvinok, V.A., and Shalavin, V.V., Statisticheskie metody upravleniya kachestvom (Statistical Quality Control Methods), Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1999.
10. Freidina, E.V., Botvinnik, A.A., and Dvornikova, A.N., Coal Quality Control in the Context of International Standards ISO 9000–2000, Journal of Mining Science, 2008, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 585–599.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF WIRE SAW OPERATION MODE ON STONE CUTTING COST
G. D. Pershin and M. S. Ulyakov

Relations of the main characteristics of cutting (capacity, energy consumption and diamond tool wear) and the wire saw mode are presented for various heights of a cutting bench. The authors develop the wire saw control mode selection procedure accounting for the said relations of the cutting performance, cutting cost and the bench height. For the selection of the rational mode of the wire saw control, the integrated technical-and-economic index is offered, characterized by the cost related with the stone cutting intensity.

Wire saw, capacity, tool wear, specific work of cutting, cost

REFERENCES
1. Bychkov, G.V. and Kokunin, R.V., Optimum Methods of Accessing Mining Floors in Promising and Operating Natural Stone Deposits, Dobycha, obrabotka i primenenie prirodnogo kamnya: sb. nauch. tr. (Extraction, Processing and Use of Natural Stone: Collected Papers), Pershin, G.D. (Ed.), Magnitogorsk: MGTU, 2007.
2. Dobrovsky, A.B. and Ulyakov, M.S., Selection of Equipment for the Low Sanarsk Grandiorite Deposit Mining, Gorny Zh., 2011, no. 5.
3. Pershin, G.D., Karaulov, N.G., and Ulyakov, M.S., The Research of High-Strength Dimension Stone Mining Technological Schemes in Russia and Abroad, SWorld, 2013, vol. 11, no. 2.
4. Aglyukov, Kh.I., Validation of Granite Block Extraction Efficiency, Dobycha, obrabotka i primenenie prirodnogo kamnya: sb. nauch. tr. (Extraction, Processing and Use of Natural Stone: Collected Papers), Pershin, G.D. (Ed.), Magnitogorsk: MGTU, 2003.
5. Pershin, G.D., Karaulov, N.G., Ulyakov, M.S., and Sharov, V.N., Features of Diamond-Wire Saws Application for Rock Overburden Removal at Marble Quarry Construction, SWorld, 2013, vol. 14, no. 3.
6. Aglyukov, Kh.I., Improvement of Granite Block Technology Quality, Ekonomika, upravlenie, kachestvo: Mezhvuz. sb. nauch. tr. (Economy, Management, Quality: Inter-University Collected Papers), Magnitogorsk: MGTU, 2003.
7. Aglyukov, Kh.I., Nalog na dobychu poleznykh iskopaemykh (Severance Tax), Magnitogorsk: MGTU, 2010.
8. Aglyukov, Kh.I., Efficiency of Crushed Granite Production, Dobycha, obrabotka i primenenie prirodnogo kamnya: sb. nauch. tr. (Extraction, Processing and Use of Natural Stone: Collected Papers), Pershin, G.D. (Ed.), Magnitogorsk: MGTU, 2009.
9. Pershin, G.D., Pshenichnaya, E.G., and Ulyakov, M.S., Influence of Wire Saw Operation Control Mode on Its Productivity, Dobycha, obrabotka i primenenie prirodnogo kamnya: sb. nauch. tr. (Extraction, Processing and Use of Natural Stone: Collected Papers), Pershin, G.D. (Ed.), Magnitogorsk: MGTU, 2012.
10. Pashchenko, K.G., Bakhmatov, Yu.F., Frolushkina, K.A., and Zaritsky, B.B., Effect of Technological Parameters on Wire Abruptness in Non-Die Drawing, Proc. 67th Conf., Magnitogorsk: MGTU, 2009.
11. Pashchenko, K.G., Bakhmatov, Yu.F., and Golubchik, E.M., Influence of Plastic Tension–Bending During Joint Descaling and Drawing on Wire Properties, Stal’, 2011, no. 3.
12 Akopyan, R.V. and Lusinyan, K.G., Effect of Cutting Modes on Diamond Tool Wear in the Diamond Wire Saws, Izuchenie prirodnykh kamennykh materialov i silikatnogo syr’ya, razrabotrka effektivnoi tekhniki i tekhnologii proizvodstva: sb. nauch. tr. (Stone and Silicate Raw Materials: Development of Efficient Production Technique and Technology: Collected Papers), Erevan, NIIKS, 1983.
13. Pershin, G.D. and Ulyakov, M.S., Validation of Methods of Higher Strength Block Stone Extraction, Vestn. MGTU, 2010, no. 4.

MULTI-CRITERION ANALYSIS OF LAND RECLAMATION METHODS AT KLENOVNIK OPEN PIT MINE, KOSTOLAC COAL BASIN
B. Dimitrijevic, S. Vujic, I. Matic, S. Majianac, J. Praštalo, M. Radosavljevic, and V. Čolakovic

Klenovnik open pit mine in the Kostolac coal basin was closed after coal reserves had been depleted. The land reclamation and renovation project is in process. The key concern is selection of the land reclamation method. Considering objectives of the reclamation project and the environmental conditions, 10 alternative scenarios are offered based on analysis of the influences and the project feasibility criteria. The ranging of the alternatives and the sound selection of the best scenario is possible using the multi-attribute decision making techniques Promethee and Electre.

Reclamation, open pit coal mine, multi-attribute and multi-criterion analysis, decision-making

REFERENCES
1. Ordin, A.A., Ecological-Economic Evaluation of Status and Future Line of Development of Coal Mining in the Kuznetsk Basin, Journal of Mining Science, 1994, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 218–222.
2. Vujic, S., Cvejic, J., Miljanovic, I., and Drazic, D., Planning Reclamation and Rehabilitation of Open Pit Mines Surface, Belgrade: Belgrade University, 2009.
3. Bubnova, M.B. and Ozaryan, Yu.A., Geoecological Valuation of Natural and Mine Engineering Systems on the South of the Far East, Journal of Mining Science, 2012, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 941–946.
4. Godoy, M. and Dimitrakopoulos, R., A Risk Quantification Framework for Strategic Mine Planning: Method and Application, Journal of Mining Science, 2011, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 235–246.
5. Hudej, M., Multi-Variable Models of Control in Mining, Dr. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Belgrade: Belgrade University, 2013.
6. Vujic, S., Makar, N., Nikolic, J., et al., General Project of the Klenovnik Open Pit Coal Mine Closure, Mining University Records, Belgrade, 2013.
7. Dimitrijevic, B., Optimization of Reclamation Processes for Open Pit Coal Mines, Dr. Tech. Sci. Dissertation Run-Time Version, Belgrade: Belgrade University, 2013.

MINE AEROGASDYNAMICS

INFLUENCE OF TRAIN PISTON EFFECT ON SUBWAY FANS
A. M. Krasyuk, P. V. Kosykh, and E. Yu. Russky

The article presents the results of the spectrum analysis of air flow disturbance under train piston effect in the subway. The authors offer a procedure for estimating influence of air flow disturbance on torsional behavior of tunnel fan rotor. It is shown that with a variable frequency drive, it is possible that harmonic frequencies of the disturbed flow coincide with the eigenfrequencies of the rotor.

Train repetition rate, air flow disturbance, spectrum analysis, subway fan, vibration amplitude, fan load, fatigue strength, frequency spectrum

REFERENCES
1. Kosykh, P.V. and Krasyuk, A.M., Influence of Air Flow Disturbance on the Dynamics of Rotor of Axial Fan in Subway Tunnel, Proc. 13th All-Russian Conf. Science, Industry, Defense, Novosibirsk: NGTU, 2012.
2. Zedgenizov, D.V., Krasyuk, A.M., Popov, N.A., and Chigishev, A.N., Analysis of Methods to Control Operation of Axial Tunnel Fans, Metro, 2000, nos. 5 and 6.
3. Krasyuk, A.M. and Lugin, I.V., Investigation of the Dynamics of Air Flows Generated by the Disturbing Actions of Trains in the Metro, Journal of Mining Science, 2007, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 655–661.
4. Timoshenko, S.P., Kolebaniya v inzhenernom dele (Vibrations in Engineering), Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1985.
5. Krasyuk, A.M., Tunnel’naya ventilyatsiya metrolopitenov (Tunnel Ventilation in Subways), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2006.
6. Pisarenko, G.S., Yakovlev, A.P., and Matveev, V.V., Spravochnik po soprotivleniyu materialov (Handbook on Strength of Materials), Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1988.

MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF FORECASTING MICROCLIMATE CONDITIONS IN AN ARBITRARY LAYOUT NETWORK OF UNDERGROUND EXCAVATIONS
L. Yu. Levin, M. A. Semin, and A. V. Zaitsev

The mathematical methods of forecasting microclimate conditions in an arbitrary layout network of excavations are developed based on analysis of formation of thermal environment in mines. The mathematical models allow calculation of heat distribution in excavations, considering hydrostatic compression–expansion of air in vertical and inclined workings, presence of heat liberation (absorption) and moisture transitions.

Network of excavations, microclimate, thermal environment, unsteady heat transfer, rock mass, mathematical modeling, air distribution, heat liberation sources

REFERENCES
1. Duganov, G.V. and Baratov, E.I., Teplovoi rezhim rudnikov (Thermal Conditions in Mines), Moscow: Gosgortekhizdat, 1963.
2. Dyad’kin, Yu.D., Osnovy gornoi teplofiziki dlya shakht i rudnikov Severa (Basic Thermophysics for Mines of the North), Moscow: Nedra, 1968.
3. Shcherban’, A.N. and Kremnev, O.A., Nauchnye osnovy rascheta i regulirovaniya teplovogo rezhima glubokikh shakht (Scientific Bases for Calculation and Control of Thermal Conditions in Deep Mines), Kiev: AN USSR, 1959.
4. Courant, R., Isaacson, E., and Rees, M., On the Solution of Nonlinear Hyperbolic Differential Equations by Finite Differences, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 1952, vol. 5.
5. Gibson, K.L., The Computer Simulation of Climatic Conditions in Underground Mines, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1976.
6. Hemp, R., Environmental Engineering in South African Mines, Mine Vent. Soc. S, Africa, 1982.
7. Mackay, L., Bluhm, S., Van Rensburg, J., Refrigeration and Cooling Concepts for Ultra-Deep Platinum Mining, Proc. 4th Int. Platinum Conf. Platinum in Transition “Boom or Bust,” The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2010.
8. McPherson, M.J., Subsurface Ventilation Engineering, 2nd Edition, Chapman&Hall, 2009.
9. Voropaev, A.F., Teoriya teploobmena rudnichnogo vozdukha i gornykh porod v glubokikh shakhtakh (Theory of Heat Exchange between Deep Mine Air and Rocks), Moscow: Nedra, 1966.
10. Fletcherr, C. A. J., Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics, Vol. II: Specific Techniques for Different Flow Categories, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
11. Nikolaev, S.A., Nikolaeva, N.G., and Slamamtin, A.N., Teplofizika gornykh porod (Thermophysics of Rocks), Kazan: KGU, 1987.
12. Andriyashev, M.M., Mekhanika rascheta vodoprovodnoi seti (Calculation of Water Supply Network), Moscow: Sov. zakonodatel’stvo, 1932.
13. Sivukhin, D.V., Obshchii kurs fiziki (General Course on Physics), Moscow: Nauka, 1990.
14. Foks, D.A., Gidravlicheskii analiz neustanovivshegosya techeniya v truboprovodakh (Hydraulic Analysis of Unstable Flow in Pipelines), Moscow: Energoizdat, 1981.
15. Lugovskii, S.I., Provetrivanie glubokikh rudnikov (Ventilation in Deep Mines), Moscow: Gosgortekhizdat, 1962.
16. Kazakov, B.P., Shalimov, A.V., and Zaitsev, A.V., Influence of Backfilling Operations on Thermal Conditions in Roadways of the Norilsk Nickel Mines, Vestn. PNIPU. Geolog. Neftegaz. Gorn. Delo, 2012, no. 2.
17. Karelin, V.N., Kravchenko, A.V., Levin, L.Yu., Kazakov, B.P., and Zaitsev, A.V., Features of Microclimate Formation in Deep Mines, Gorny Zh., 2013, no. 6.

MINING ECOLOGY

ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE PRODUCTION-INDUCED CHANGE IN THE LITHOSPHERE
K. N. Trubetskoy, Yu. P. Galchenko, and G. V. Sabyanin

In focus are the conditions and features of a new ecological object of the lithosphere—the industrially changed interior of the Earth. The authors hypothesize on formation of geophysical ecotone and present the procedure for evaluating ecological indicators of the ecotone as applied to underground mineral mining.

Lithosphere, production-changed interior of the Earth, geophysical ecotone, stress–strain state, rock mass, ecological indicators, index, density

REFERENCES
1. Rodionov, V.N., Sizov, V.A., and Tsvetkov, V.M., Osnovy geomekhaniki (Basics of Geomechanics), Moscow: Nedra, 1986.
2. Chaplygin, N.N., Galchenko, Yu.P., Papichev, V.I., Zhulkovsky, V.G., Sabyanin, G.V., and Proshlyakov, A.P., Ekologicheskie problemy geotekhnologii: Novye idei, metody i resheniya (Ecological Problems in Geotechnologies: New Ideas, Methods and Solutions), Moscow: Nauchtekhlitizdat, 2009.
3. Trubetskoy, K.N., Galchenko, Yu.P., Rodionov, V.N., Zamesov, N.F., and Kulikov, V.I., Structure of the Production-Changed Earth’s Interior under Mining, Vestn. RAN, 2002, vol. 72, no. 11.
4. Trubetskoy, K.N. (Ed.), Gornye nauki. Osvoenie i sokhranenie nedr Zemli (Mining Sciences. Development and Conservation of the Earth’s Interior), Moscow: AGN, 1997.
5. Trubetskoy, K.N., Galchenko, Yu.P., and Burtsev, L.I., Ekologicheskie problemy osvoeniya nedr pri ustoichivom razvitii prirody i obshchestva (Ecological Problems of the Earth’s Interior Development under Sustainable Development of Nature and Human Society), Moscow: Nauchtekhlitizdat, 2003.
6. Turchaninov, I.A., Iofis, M.A., and Kaspar’ayn, E.V., Osnovy mekhaniki gornykh porod (Foundations of Rock Mechanics), Leningrad: Nedra, 1989.
7. Golubev, G.N., Geoekologiya (Geoecology), Moscow: Aspekt-Press, 2006.
8. Sobolev, N.A. and Evstigneev, O.I., Landscape and Cartometry Criteria and Methods, Kriterii i metody formirovaniya ekologicheskoi seti prirodnykh territorii (Criteria and Methods of Forming an Ecological Network of Natural Territories), Moscow: Tsentr okhr. dik. prir. SoES, 1999.

MINERAL DRESSING

FORECASTING PRELIMINARY MECHANICAL ACTIVATION EFFECT ON ARIZONITE AND ILMENITE CONCENTRATES BY X-RAY CRYSTAL ANALYSIS
E. V. Bogatyreva, A. V. Chub, and A. G. Ermilov

It is possible to forecast variation in energy content and reactivity of arizonite and ilmenite concentrates after their mechanical activation using data of X-ray crystal analysis. It is found that energy of arizonite and ilmenite after mechanical activation differs from energy of structural damages within the minerals. Effect of the energy, accumulated in the course of mechanical activation in the form of the surface energy and micro-strains, on the subsequent leaching process has been proved. The efficient preliminary mechanical activation of arizonite and ilmenite makes the background for manufacturing of artificial rutile from available mineral raw material.

Arizonite concentrate, ilmenite concentrate, mechanical activation, hydrochloric acid leaching, X-ray crystal analysis

REFERENCES
1. Reznichenko, V.A., Averin, V.V., and Olyunina, T.V., Titanaty: nauchnye osnovy, tekhnologiya, proizvodstvo (Titanates: Science, Technology, Production), Moscow: Nauka, 2010.
2. Drobot, D.V. (Ed.), Fundamental’nye poroblemy Rossiiskoi metallurgii na poroge XXI veka. T. 3. Metallurgiya redkihk i rasseyannykh elementov (Fundamental Problems of Russian Metallurgy at the Verge of the 21st Century. Volume 3: Metallurgy of Rare and Trace Elements), Moscow: RAEN, 1999.
3. Medvedev, A.S., Vyshchelachivanie i sposoby ego intensifikatsii (Leaching and Intensification), Moscow: MISiS, 2005.
4. Levashov, E.A., Rogachev, A.S., Yukhvid, V.I., and Borovinskaya, I.P., Fiziko-khimicheskie i tekhnologicheskie osnovy samorasprostranyayushchegosya vysokotemperaturnogo sinteza (Physicochemical and Technological Bases of SHS), Moscow: BINOM, 1999.
5. Ermilov, A.G., Lopatin, V.Yu., and Shmygin, N.P., RF patent no. 2279950, Byull. Izobret., 2006, no. 20.
6. Ibatullin, I.D., Kinetika ustalostnoi povrezhdaemosti i razrusheniya poverkhnostnykh sloev (Kinetics of the Fatigue Damageability and Failure of Surface Layers), Samara: GTU, 2008.
7. Van Buren, H.G., Imperfections in Crystals, Amsterdam: North Holland Pub. Co., 1961.
8. Read, W.T., Dislocations in Crystals, New York–Toronto–London: McGraw-Hill, 1953.
9. Kittel, Ch., Introduction to Solid State of Physics, 4th Ed., Wiley, 1971.
10. Novikov, I.I., Defekty kristallicheskogo stroeniya metallov (Defects in Crystal Structure of Metals), Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1983.
11. Poluboyarov, V.A., Andryushkova, O.V., Pauli, I.A., and Korotaeva, Z.A., Vliyanie mekhanicheskikh vozdeistvii na fiziko-khimicheskie protsessy v tverdykh telakh (Mechanical Effect on Physicochemical Processes in Solids), Novosibirsk: NGU, 2011.
12. Poluboyarov, V.A., Pauli, I.A., Boldyrev, V.V., and Tarantsova, M.I., Efficiency of Chemical Reactors in Mechanical Activation of Solid Phase Interaction, Khim. Int. Ust. Razv., 1994, issue 2.
13. Ermilov, A.G., Safonov, V.V., Doroshko, L.F., et al., X-Ray Investigation of Energy Accumulated in Preliminary Mechanical Activation, Izv. Vuzov, Tsv. Metallurg., 2002, no. 3.
14. Shelekhov, E.V. and Sviridova, T.A., Programs for X-Ray Analysis of Polycrystals, Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met., 2000, no. 8.
15. Zuev, V.V., Aksenova, G.A., Mochalov, N.A., et al., Analysis of Values of the Specific Energies of Lattices in Minerals and Inorganic Crystals for Estimation of Their Properties, Obog. Rud, 1999, nos. 1 and 2.
16. Bogatyreva, E.V., Ermilov, A.G., Sviridova, T.A., Savina, O.S., and Podshibyakina, K.V., Effect of Short-Term Mechanical Activation on Reactive Capacity of Wolframite Concentrates, Neorgan. Mater., 2011, vol. 47, no. 6.
17. Bogatyreva, E.V. and Ermilov, A.G., Efficiency of Mechanical Activation of Loparite Concentrate, Neorgan. Mater., 2011, vol. 47, no. 9.
18. Vol’dman, G.M. and Zelikman, A.N., Teoriya gidrometallurgicheskikh protsessov (Theory of Hydrometallurgical Processes), Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1993.
19. Bogatyrvea, E.V., Chub, A.V., Ermilov, A.G., RF patent no. 2490346, Byull. Izobret., 2013, no. 23.

GRAVITY CONCENTRATION OF NAMIBIA SHELF PHOSPHATE ROCK
V. I. Beloborodov, G. P. Andronov, I. B. Zakharova, N. M. Filimonova, and E. D. Rukhlenko

The authors present research findings on dressing of Namibia shelf phosphate rocks. Alternative circuits of gravity dressing of phosphate rock specimens having different chemistry and grain size composition are offered. The resultant phosphate concentrate contains 27% P2O5 at 81.2% P2O5 recovery.

Phosphate rock, gravity concentration, concentration table, phosphate concentrate

REFERENCES
1. Baturin, G.N., Fosfatonakoplenie v okeane (Phosphate Accumulation in the Ocean), Moscow: Nauka, 2004.
2. Ainemer, A.I. and Konshin, G.I., Rossypi shel’fovykh zon mirovogo okeana (Offshore Deposits in the World Ocean), Moscow: Nedra, 1982.
3. Lisitsyn, A.P., Bogdanov, Yu.A., and Gurvin, E.G., Gidrotermal’nye obrazovaniya riftovykh zon okeana (Geothermal Formations in the Rift Zones of the World Ocean), Moscow: Nedra, 1990.
4. Baturin, G.N., Zhegallo, E.A., and Isaeva, A.B., Formation of Phosphate Grains in Offshore Settlements of Namibia, Okeanolog., 1998, vol. 38, no. 2.
5. Baturin, G.N., Fosfority na dne okeana (Phosphate Rocks at the Bottom of the Ocean), Moscow: Nauka, 1978.
6. Baturin, G.N., Cycle of Phosphorus in the Ocean, Litolog. Polezn. Iskop., 2003, no. 2.
7. Baturin, G.N., Nodular Fraction of Phosphate Sand in the Shelf Sea of Namibia, Litolog. Polezn. Iskop., 2002, no. 1.
8. Beloborodov, V.I., Zakharova, I.B., Rukhlenko, E.D., Filimonova, N.M., and Andronov, G.P., Analysis of Material Constitution and Preparability of Namibia Phosphate Rocks, Obog. Rud, 2011, no. 2.

PROCESSING OF GOLD ORES USING GUINEAN BAUXITE WASTE
M. Doumbouya, K. El Kacem, S. Kitane, and A. Belhaj

This paper describes the treatment of gold ores via the bauxite waste mud used as a pH modifier in the cyanidation of gold. The red mud is irrefutable in modifying the pH of gold ore sludges. So any gold contained in the red mud is concentrated by gravity separation and is recovered along with gold from the gold ore. Carbon tests are carried out on cyanide leach solutions to determine the level of deactivation resulted by organics in the bauxite waste mud.

Gold, bauxite waste, cyanidation, leaching, gravity separation, carbon

REFERENCES
1. Parekh, B.K. and Goldberger, W.M., Utilization of Bayer Process Muds: Problems and Possibilities, Proc. 6th Mineral Waste Utilization Symp., IIT Res. Inst., Chicago, Ill., 1978.
2. Varnavas, S.P. and Papatheodorou, G., Marine Mineral Resources in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea 1. An Iron, Titanium, Chromium and Nickel Deposit in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece, Mar. Min., 1987, vol. 6, no. 1.
3. Weaver, D.M. and Richie, G. S. P., The Effectiveness of Lime-Based Amendments and Bauxite Residues at Removing Phosphorus from Piggery Effluent, Environ. Pollut., 1987, vol. 46, no. 3.
4. Uysal, B.Z., Arksahiri, I., and Yucel, H., Sorption of Sulphur Dioxides on Metal Oxides in a Ruidized Bed, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1988, vol. 27, no. 3 
5. Wagh, A.S. and Thompson, B., A Study of interparticle Bonds in Dry Bauxite Waste Resulting in Atmospheric Aerosols, Phys. Ser., 1988, vol. 37, no. 2.
6. Vignes, J.-L., Costanzo, T. di, Bouquet, S., Ferton, D., Annuaire Statistique Mondial des Minerais et Metaux, edition 2007, SIM, 17 rue Saint-Severin, 75005 Paris, “Une vie d’aluminium,” Bulletin de l’Union des Physiciens, 1977, no. 790–91.
7. Fofana, M., Treatment of Red Mud from Alumina Production by High-Intensity Magnetic Separation. Department of Mineral Processing and Environmental Protection, BERG Faculty, Technical University, Koice, Slovakia, Universite de Conakry, Faculte de Mecanique, Conakry, Guinee, 1986.
8. Staunton, W.P., Formby, S., and Schulz, R.S., A Preliminary Investigation into the Effect of Spillage during Transportation of Sodium Cyanide Solution and Possible Response Strategies, Chemistry Centre of Western Australia 88M2956, 1989.
9. Van Deventer, J. S. J., The Interaction between Carbon and Pulp in CIP/CIL Plants: Short Course on Resin-in-Pulp and Carbon-in-Pulp, Western Australian School of Mines, Curtin Univ., 1988.
10. Nicol, M.J., Fleming, C.A., and Paul, R.L., The Chemistry of the Extraction of Gold, Extractive Metallurgy of Gold in South Africa, G. G. Stanley (Ed.), S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., Johannesburg, 1987.
11. La Brooy, S.R., Bax, A.R., Muir, D.M., Hosking, J.W., Hughes, H.C., and Parentich, A., Fouling of Activated Carbon by Circuit Organics, Gold 100, Proc. Int. Conf. on Gold., vol. 2: Extractive Metallurgy of Gold, S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., Johannesburg, 1986.
12. Levenspiel, O., Chemical Reaction Engineering, Wiley, New York, 2nd Ed., 1972.
13. Announcement, Alcoa of Australia Ltd., Parkville, Vic., Chemistry in Australia, 1989.

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