JMS, Vol. 48, No. 2, 2012

GEOMECHANICS

FROM THE ALTERNATING-SIGN EXPLOSION RESPONSE OF ROCKS TO THE PENDULUM WAVES IN STRESSED GEOMEDIA. PART I
V. V. Adushkin and V. N. Oparin

The analytical review of the currently boosting nonlinear geomechanics and geophysics research toward developing the theory of the dynamic deformation of geomedia under powerful natural and induced impacts (explosions, rock bursts, earthquakes, etc.) is presented. In this context, the authors focus at: block structure hierarchy of rock masses in estimating quasi-static and dynamic processes in rocks under natural or induced disturbance; quantitative description of underground nuclear explosion effect on production and seismicity; experimental-analytical existence proof of previously unknown nonlinear elastic pendulum-type waves with unique dynamic-kinematic characteristics. It is highlighted that theoretical forecasting and, then, experimental discovery of the pendulum waves immediately associated with stress-strain state of rocks has spurred the development of brand-new methods and means for integrated seismic-deformation-electromagnetic monitoring of natural and induced earthquakes, rock bursts and other seismic events, as well as for the enhanced oil recovery due to vibration treatment. The authors emphasize the priority of creating a reliable scientific basis for prediction of real-time interaction of complex natural and geotechnological systems with the aim at developing and designing the geotechnologies of the future, based on the knowledge of features and regularities in the behavior of nonlinear mass-exchange physico-mechanical and mechano-chemical processes in deep and ultra deep mineral mining, and also express hope for the presented review being a helpful guide in the field of nonlinear geomechanics and geophysics.

block hierarchy structure, rock mass, alternating-sign deformation, nonlinear geomechanics, explosion, stress-strain state, theory, experiment

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2. Rodionov, V.N., Sizov, I.A., and Tsvetkov, V. M. Osnovy geomekhaniki (Basic Geomechanics), Moscow: Nedra, 1986.
3. Kurlenya, M.V. and Oparin, V.N., “Problems of Nonlinear Geomechanics. Part I,” Journal of Mining Science, 1999, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 216–230.
4. Oparin, V.N. and Tanaino, A.S., Kanonicheskaya shkala ierarkhicheskikh predstavlenii v gornom porodovedenii (Canonical Scale of Hierarchical Conceptualization in Rock Science), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2011.
5. Kurlenya, M.V. and Oparin, V.N., Skvazhinnye geofizicheskie metody diagnostiki i kontrolya napryazhenno-deformirovannogo sostoyaniya massivov gornykh porod (Borehole Geophysical Diagnostics and Control of Stress-Strain State in Rocks), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1999.
6. Oparin, V.N., Yushkin, V.F., Akinin, A.A., and Balmashnova, E.G., “A New Scale of Hierarchically Structured Representations as a Characteristic for Ranking Entities in a Geomedium,” Journal of Mining Science, 1998, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 387–401.
7. Shemyakin, E.I., Fisenko, G. L. Kurlenya, M.V., Oparin, V.N., et al., “Effect of Zonal Disintegration of Rocks around Underground Excavations,” Dokl. AN SSSR, 1986, vol. 289, no. 5.
8. Oparin, V.N., Tapsiev, A.P., Rozenbaum, M.A., et al., Zonal’naya dezintegratsiya gornykh porod i ustoichivost’ gornykh vyrabotok (Zonal Disintegration of Rocks and the Stability of Mine Workings), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2008.
9. Kurlenya, M.V., Oparin, V.N., and Eremenko, A.A., “Relation of Linear Block Dimensions of Rocks to Crack Opening in the Structural Hierarchy of Masses,” Journal of Mining Science, 1993, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 197–203.
10. Oparin, V.N. and Simonov, B.F., “Nonlinear Deformation-Wave Processes in the Vibrational Oil Geotechnologies,” Journal of Mining Science, 2010, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 95–112.
11. Adushkin, V.V. and Spivak, A.A., “Irreversible After-Effects of an Underground Large-Scale Explosion in Heterogeneous Medium,” Preprint, Moscow: IFZ AN SSSR, 1989.
12. Adushkin, V.V. and Spivak, A.A., “Characteristic Features of the Deformation of a Block Medium during Blasting,” Journal of Mining Science, 1990, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 142–147.
13. Adushkin, V.V., Garnov, V.V., and Spungin, V.G., “Dynamic Impact-Induced Displacement of Structural Blocks in a Rocks Mass,” Sbornik: Vzryvnoe delo (Collected Works: Blasting), Moscow: Nedra, 1990.
14. Sadovsky, M.A., Adushkin, V.V., and Spivak, A.A., “Dimension of Irreversible Deformation Zones under Blasting in a Blocky Medium,” Izv. AN SSSR, Fiz. Zemli, 1989, no. 9.
15. Kurlenya, M.V. and Oparin, V.N., “Features of Rock Response to Blasting in Near Zone,” Preprint, Novosibirsk: IGD SO AN SSSR, 1984, no. 10.
16. Kurlenya, M.V. and Oparin, V.N., “Sign-Variable Reaction of Rocks to Dynamic Impacts,” Journal of Mining Science, 1990, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 291–300.
17. Kurlenya, M.V., Oparin, V.N., Revuzhenko, A.F., and Shemyakin E. I., “Features of Rock Response to Blasting in the Near Field,” Dokl. AN SSSR, 1987, vol. 293, no. 1.
18. Kurlenya, M.V., Adushkin, V.V., Garnov, V.V., Oparin, V.N., and Spivak, A.A., “Alternating-Sign Response of Rocks to Dynamic Impacts,” Dokl. AN SSSR, 1992, vol. 323, no. 2.
19. Kurlenya, M.V., Oparin, V.N., and Vostrikov, V.I., “Origination of Elastic Wave Packages in Block Media under Pulse Treatment. Pendulum Waves ??,” Dokl. RAN, 1993, vol. 333, no. 4.
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22. Oparin, V.N., Bagaev, S.N., Malovichko, A.A., et al., Metody i sistemy seismo-deformatsionnogo monitoringa tekhnogennykh zemletryasenii i gornykh udarov. Tom 1 (Methods and Systems for Seismic-Deformation Monitoring of Induced Earthquakes and Rock Bursts. Vol. 1), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2009.
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31. Adushkin, V.V., Kostyuchenko, V.N., Nikolaevsky, V.V., and Tsvetkov, V.M., Mekhanika podzemnogo vzryva (Mechanics of Underground Explosion), Moscow: VINITI, 1973.
32. Adushkin, V.V. and Spivak, A.A., Podzemnye vzryvy (Underground Explosions), Moscow: Nauka, 2007.
33. Adushkin, V.V. and Spivak, A.A., Geomekhanika krupnomasshtabnykh vzryvov (Geomechanics of Large-Scale Blasts), Moscow: Nedra, 1993.
34. Kocharyan, G.G. and Spivak, A.A., Dinamika deformirovaniya blochnykh massivov gornykh porod (Dynamics of Block Rock Mass Deformations), Moscow: Akademkniga, 2004.

STRESS STATE OF ROCKS IN SUBDUCTION ZONE
S. N. Savchenko and A. A. Kozyrev

The authors use the boundary element method in the 2D elastic problem to investigate the regularities of the principal stress distribution in the subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental plate under different boundary conditions. The investigation covers the cases when the fault zone has irregularities and the fault zone boundary is smooth. The point displacements at the boundaries of the continental and oceanic plates are analyzed. It is shown that the anticlimax induced by an instantaneous failure along the fault zone irregularities can generate an earthquake with M_s and higher magnitude, with 2–7-meter shears of the oceanic and continental lithospheric plates.

subduction, stress state, fault zone, displacement, shear

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3. Kusznir, N.J. and Bott M. H. P., “Stress Concentration in the Upper Lithosphere Caused by Underlying Visco-Elastic Creep,” Tectonophysics, 1977, vol. 43.
4. Abie, J.A., Earthquakes, New Zealand, 1980.
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6. Tarasov, L.V., Priroda zemletryasenii i vulkanizma (Nature of Earthquakes and Volcanism), Dolgoprudny: Intellekt, 2010.

STUDYING THE VARIATION OF ROTOR PRESSING FORCES AND HORIZONTAL SOIL PRESSURE DURING SHIELD TUNNELING
A. A. Voznesensky and S. V. Mazein

The authors carried out a geomechanical analysis of shield tunneling in loam. Laws of change of the horizontal component of soil pressure caused by formation of slip planes in rock mass ahead of the face were found by means of numerical simulation.

tunnel shield, slip plane, horizontal stress, numerical simulation, zonal disintegration, rocks, stability

REFERENCES
1. Oparin, V.N., Tapsiev, A.P., Rozenbaum, M.A., Batdiev, B.P., Tropp, E.P., and Chanyshev, A.I., Zonal’naya dezintegratsiya gornykh porod i ustoichivost’ podzemnykh vyrabotok (Zonal Disintegration in Rocks and the Stability of Underground Openings), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2008.
2. Shemyakin, E.I., Fisenko, G.L., Kurlenya, M.V., Oparin, V.N., Reva, B.N., Glushikhin, F.P., Rozenbaum, M.A., and Tropp, E.A., “Zonal Disintegration of Rocks around Underground Workings,” DAN SSSR, 1986, vol. 289, no. 5.
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GEOMECHANICAL SUPPORT OF GEOTECHNICAL SOLUTIONS IN HIGH STRESS MINING
A. A. Kozyrev, V. I. Panin, I. E. Semenova, Yu. V. Fedotova, and V. V. Rybin

The authors emphasize advisability of the geomechanical laws and rules to be included in the geotechnical decision-making in terms of the Khibiny rock mass state assessment using numerical modeling. A procedure of finding seismic-hazardous sites in rocks by the seismicity parameters is described. The geomechanical control methods are presented for the surface and underground mining systems to achieve higher safety and efficiency mineral extraction.

mineral mining, geotechnical system, common laws and consistent patterns, geodynamic safety, numerical modeling, stress-strain state, geomechanical control

REFERENCES
1. Kozyrev, A.A., Panin, V.I., Savchenko, S.N., Fedotova, Yu.V., Rybin, V.V. et al., Seismichnost’ pri gorpnykh rabotakh (Seismicity in Mining), Apatity: KNTs RAN, 2002.
2. Kozyrev, A.A., Fedotova, Yu.V., Zhuravleva, O.G., Zvonar’, A.Yu., and Zaporozhets, V.Yu., “Tracing the Higher Seismic-Hazardous Zones by a Set of Prognostic Criteria,” Gorny Zh., 2010, no. 9.
3. Kozyrev, A.A., Panin, V.I., and Mal’tsev, V.A., “Systematized Approach to Geomechanical Control in High Energy Seismicity Rocks,” in Geotekhnologicheskie problemy kompleksnogo osvoeniay nedr: Geomekhanika v gornom dele. Sb. nauch. trudov (Geotechnological Problems of Comprehensive Mineral Exploitation: Geomechanics in Mining. Collected Research Works), Ekaterinburg: IGD UrO RAN, 2005.
4. Kozyrev, A.A., Panin, V.I., and Svinin, V.S., “Geodynamic Safety in High Stress Metalliferous Mining,” Gorny Zh., 2010, no. 9.
5. Kozyrev, A.A., Panin, V.I., and Semenova, I.E., “Seismic Control in the Khibiny Apatite Mines,” Gorn. Inform. Analit. Byull., 2010, no. 12.
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TYPES OF OREBODIES ON THE BASIS OF THE OCCURRENCE DEPTH AND STRESS STATE. PART I: MODERN CONCEPT OF THE STRESS STATE VERSUS DEPTH
S. A. Neverov

The article presents a discussion and generalized analysis of in situ stress field in the outer crust of Earth. It has been found that rock masses in mining countries are generally exposed to tectonic stresses, and major horizontal stresses change nonlinearly with increase in the rock mass occurrence depth.

block hierarchy structure, rock mass, alternating-sign deformation, nonlinear geomechanics, explosion, stress-strain state, theory, experiment

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46. Bjorn, L.J., “Natural Stress Values Obtained in Different Parts of the Fennoscandian Rock Masses,” Proc. 2nd Congr. Int. Soc. Rock Mech., Beograd, 1970.
47. Milev, A.M., Spottiswoode, S.M., and Noble, K.R., “Mine Induced Seismicity at ERPM,” Int. J. of Rock Mech. and Mining Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., 1995, no. 32.
48. Schweitzer, J.K. and Johnson, R.A., “Geotechnical Classification of Deep and Ultra-Deep Witwatersrand Mining Areas, South Africa,” Mineralium Deposita Journal, 1997, no. 126.
49. Gey, N.C., “The State of Stress in Large Dyke on K. R. P.M. Buksburg, South Africa,” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 1980, vol. 2.
50. Kanagawa, T., Hibino, S., Ishida, I., Hayashi, M., and Kitahara, Y., “In Situ Stress Measurements in the Japanese Islands, Over-Coring Results from a Multielement Gauge Used at 23 Sites,” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., 1986, vol. 23, no 1.

PRE-ROCKBURSTING SEISMIC ACTIVITY IN TASHTAGOL MINE
G. L. Lindin and T. V. Lobanova

The paper deals with distribution of seismic events before a rockburst. The authors emphasize the appearance of sites where seismic events are absent, and propose the rockbursting probability estimation and the significance criterion of quiet conditions prior to a rockburst.

rock burst, distribution of seismic events, quiet conditions prior to strong seismic events, apparent migration velocity of seismic events, rockburst probability

REFERENCES
1. Kozyrev, A.A., Savchenko, S.N., Panin, V.I., and Mal’tsev, V.A., “Prediction and Prevention of Strong Seismic Events in Natural-and-Engineering Systems,” in Sbornik trudov konferentsii po geodinamike i napryzazhennomu sostoyaniyu nedr Zemli (Conference Proceedings on Geodynamics and Stress State of the Earth’s Interior), Novosibirsk: IGD SO RAN, 2001.
2. Shchupletsov, Yu.V., Zoteev, O.V., Sklyar, N.I., and Vaganova, V.A., “Numerical Modeling of a Rockburst in Tashtagol Mine,” Gorny Zh., 2002, no. 7.
3. Eremenko, A.A., Eremenko, V.A., Shrepp, B.V., Sklyar, N.I., et al., “Rockburst on Oct 24, 1999 in Tashtagol Mine,” in Sbornik trudov konferentsii po geodinamike i napryzazhennomu sostoyaniyu nedr Zemli (Conference Proceedings on Geodynamics and Stress State of the Earth’s Interior), Novosibirsk: IGD SO RAN, 2001.
4. Kasakhara, K., Earthquake Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, 1981.
5. Lindin, G.L. and Lobanova, T.V., “Signs of Formation of Rockbursts by Seismic Monitoring in Tashtagol Mine,” in Sbornik trudov konferentsii po geodinamike i napryzazhennomu sostoyaniyu nedr Zemli (Conference Proceedings on Geodynamics and Stress State of the Earth’s Interior), Novosibirsk: IGD SO RAN, 2011.
6. Ponomarev, V.S., Turuntaev, S.B., Voinov, A.K., Kreskov, A.S., and Logunov, V.A., “Investigation of Excited-Seismicity Regimes in Mines of the Northern-Urals Bauxite Deposits,” Journal of Mining Science, 1992, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 318–324.
7. Sidnyaev, N.I., Teoriya planirovaniya eksperimenta i analiz statisticheskikh dannykh: uch. posobie (Experiment Planning Theory and the Statistic Data Analysis), Moscow: Yurait, 2011.
8. Oparin, V.N., Vosrtikov, V.I., Tapsiev, A.P., Badtiev, B.P., et al., “Kinematic Criterion for Prediction of Critical Rock Mass State by the Mine Seismic Data,” Journal of Mining Science, 2006, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 523–529.

FORMATION OF HIGHER STRESS ZONES AND CLUSTERS OF SEISMIC EVENTS IN DEEP MINING IN TASHTAGOL
V. A. Eremenko, L. N. Gakhova, and E. N. Semenyakin

Based on the numerical modeling and experimental stress-strain state assessment in rocks, the authors have determined the regularity patterns in the formation of highest stress zones and clusters of seismic events in the course of sequential to downward ore extraction with caving in the condition of high horizontal stresses.

high stress zone, seismic events clusters, stress-strain state, seismic energy, mined-out void, level, block, horizon, stoping front, undercut level, extraction block bottom

REFERENCES
1. Bronnikov, D.M., Zamesov, N.F., and Bogdanov, G.I., Razrabotka rud na boil’shikh glubinakh (Deep Level Ore Mining), Moscow: Nedra, 1982.
2. Kurlenya, M.V., Seryakov, V.M., and Eremenko, A.A., Tekhnogennye geomekhanicheskie polya napryazenii (Induced Geomechanical Stress Fields), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2005.
3. Oparin, V.N., Sashurin, A.D., Kulakov, G.I., et al., Sovremennaya geodinamika massiva gornykh porod verkhnei chasti litosfery: istoki, parametry, vozdeistvie na ob’ekty nedropol’zovabiya (Contemporary Geodynamics in the Upper Lithosphere: Sources, Parameters, Impact on the Subsoil), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2008.
4. Turchaninov, I.A., “Interrelation between the Stressed State of Rocks and Their Properties,” Journal of Mining Science, 1978, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 140–144.
5. Makarov, A.B., Prakticheskaya geomekhanika. Posobie dlya gornykh inzhenerov (Practical Geomechanics. Mine Engineer Manual), Moscow: Gornaya kniga, 2006.
6. Ukazania po bezopasnomu vedeniyu gornykh rabot na mestorozhdeniyakh Gornoi Shorii, sklonnykh k gornym udaram (Safe Mining Instructions for Rockburst-Hazardous Deposits in Gornaya Shoria), Novokuznetsk: VostNIGRI, VNIMI, 1991.
7. Petukhov, I.M. and Batugina, I.M., Geodinamika nedr (Underground Geodynamics), Moscow: Nedra, 1999.
8. Eremenko, A.A., Eremenko, V.A., and Gaidin, A.P., Sovershenstvovanie geotekhnologii osvoeniya zhelezorudnykh udaroopasnykh mestorozhdenii v usloviyakh deistviya prirodnykh i tekhnogennykh faktorov (Improvement of Rockburst-Hazardous Iron Ore Extraction Geotechnology under Natural and Induced Impact), Novosibirsk, Nauka, 2008.
9. Petukhov, I.M. and Zapryagaev, A.P., “Stress Assessment in Rock Mass Based on Core Discing and Drilling Returns,” Sbornik VNIMI, 1975, no. 96.
10. Eremenko, V.A., “Substantiation of Geotechnolgical Parameters for Iron Ore Mining in West Siberia,” Extended Abstract Dr. Tech. Sci., Moscow: IPKON RAN, 2011.
11. Turchaninov, I.A., Iofis, M.A., and Kaspar’yan, E.V., Osnovy mekhaniki gornykh porod (Basics of Rock Mechanics), Leningrad: Nedra, 1977.
12. Bulychev, N.S., Mekhanika podzemnykh sooruzhenii (Mechanics of Underground Structures), Moscow: Nedra, 1994.
13. Baryshnikov, V.D. and Gakhova, L.N., “Geomechanical Conditions of Kimberlite Extraction in Terms of Internatsionalnaya Kimberlite Pipe,” Journal of Mining Science, 2009, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 137–145.

EFFECTS OF THE AXIAL IN SITU STRESSES ON THE ZONAL DISINTEGRATION PHENOMENON IN THE SURROUNDING ROCK MASSES AROUND. A. DEEP CIRCULAR TUNNEL
Q. Qian, X. Zhou, and E. Xia

A new non-Euclidean model in which effects of the axial in-situ stress with arbitrary value on the zonal disintegration phenomenon in the surrounding rock masses around a deep circular tunnel is taken into account is established. The total elastic stress-field distributions of the surrounding rock around a deep circular tunnel including effects of the axial in-situ stress were given out. The strength criterion of the deep rock masses is applied to determine the occurrence of disintegration zones. The numerical computation was carried out. It is found from numerical results that number and size of fractured and nonfractured zones are sensitive to the axial in-situ stress, tangential, radial and axial normal stress, the intermediate principal stress coefficient and the rock mass rating classification RMR.

axial in-situ stress, the zonal disintegration phenomenon, deep circular tunnel, fractured zones, non-fractured zones

REFERENCES
1. Cloete, D.R. and Jager, A.J., “The Nature of the Fracture Zone in Gold Mines as Revealed by Diamond Core Drilling,” Association of Mine Managers, Papers and Discussions, 1972–1973.
2. Adams, G.R. and Jager, A.J., “Petroscopic Observations of Rock Fracturing ahead of Stope Faces in Deep-Level Gold Mine,” Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1980, vol. 80, no. 6.
3. Shemyakin, E.I., Fisenko, G.L., Kurlenya, M.V., Oparin, V.N., et al., “Disintegration Zone of Rocks around Underground Workings, Part I: Data of Full-Scale Observations,” Fiz. Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., 1986, no. 3.
4. Shemyakin, E.I., Fisenko, G.L., Kurlenya, M.V., Oparin, V.N., et al., “Disintegration Zone of Rocks around Underground Workings, Part II: Rock Fracture on Models from Equivalent Materials,” Fiz. Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn.Iskop., 1986, no. 4.
5. Shemyakin, E.I., Fisenko, G.L., Kurlenya, M.V., Oparin, V.N., et al., “Disintegration Zone of Rocks around Underground Workings, Part III: Theoretical Concepts,” Fiz. Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., 1987, no. 1.
6. Shemyakin, E.I., Kurlenya, M.V., Oparin, V.N., Reva, V.N., et al., “Disintegration Zone of Rocks around Underground Workings, Part IV: Practical Applications,” Fiz. Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., 1989, no. 4.
7. Reva, V.N. and Tropp, E.A., “Elastoplastic Model of the Zonal Disintegration of the Neighborhood of an Underground Working,” Physics and Mechanics of Rock Fracture as Applied to Prediction of Dynamic Phenomena (Collected Scientific Papers), Mine Surveying Inst., Saint Petersburg, 1995.
8. Qian Qihu, “The Key Problems of Deep Underground Space Development,” The Key Technical Problems of Base Research in Deep Underground Space Development, The 230th Xiangshan Science Conference, Beijing, 2004.
9. Qian Qihu, “The Current Development of Nonlinear Rock Mechanics: The Mechanics Problems of Deep Rock Mass,” Chinese Society for Rock Mechanics and Engineering, Proc. 8th Conf. Rock Mechanics and Engineering, Beijing: Science Press, 2004.
10. Zhou Xiaoping and Qian Qihu, “Zonal Fracturing Mechanism in Deep Tunnel,” Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2007, vol. 26, no. 5.
11. Zhou, X.P., Wang, F.H., Qian, Q.H., and Zhang, B.H., “Zonal Fracturing Mechanism in Deep Crack-Weakened Rock Masses,” Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2008, vol. 50, no. 1.
12. Guzev, M.A. and Paroshin, A.A., “Non-Euclidean Model of the Zonal Disintegration of Rocks around an Underground Working,” Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, 2001, vol. 42, no. 1.
13. Qian Qihu and Zhou Xiaoping, “Non-Euclidean Continuum Model of the Zonal Disintegration of Surrounding Rocks around a Deep Circular Tunnel in a Non-Hydrostatic Pressure State,” Journal of Mining Science, 2011, vol. 47, no. 1.
14. Cai, M.F., He, M.C., and Liu, Dy., Rock Mechanics and Engineering, Beijing: Science Press, 2002.
15. Lu, A., Xu, G., Sun, F., and Sun, W., “Elasto-Plastic Analysis of a Circular Tunnel Including the Effect of the Axial In Situ Stress,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2010, vol. 47, no. 1.
16. Dubrovin, B.A., Novikov, S.P., and Fomenko, A.T., Modern Geometry: Methods and Applications, Moscow: Nauka, 1986.
17. Zhou Xiaoping, Qian Qihu, and Yang Haiqing, “Strength Criterion of Deep Rock Masses,” Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2008, vol. 27, no. 1.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING METHANE RECOVERY BY SURFACE BOREHOLES
Y. K. Liu, F. B. Zhou, L. Liu, and S. Y. Hu

The paper deals with key factors influencing surface borehole gas drainage. Herein, the surface borehole drilled through the overburden of gobs, which was commonly operated in China, has been investigated. By building a mathematical model, the literature probed into the issue that how such factors as permeability coefficient and pressure of coal seams affected the flow of pure methane under standard conditions. The results indicated that a key factor was the distance between mining face and borehole (reflecting the gas permeability coefficients of overlying coal seams and gobs). The data measured from surface gas drainage practice at Wulan Coal Mine verified the conclusions of the theoretical research.

surface borehole, volumetric flow of methane under standard state, permeability coefficient, distance from working face to venthole, key factors

REFERENCES
1. Karacan, C.Ö., “Degasification System Selection for US Longwall Mines Using an Expert Classification System,” Computers & Geosciences, 2009, vol. 35.
2. Slastunov, S.V., Prezent, G.M., and Kolikov, K.S., “Experiment Work on Methane Recovery at the Lenin Mine of the Karaganda Basin,” Journal of Mining Science, 1999, vol. 35.
3. Huang, H.Z., Sang, S.X., Fang, L.C., Li, G.J., Xu, H.J., and Ren, B., “Optimum Location of Surface Wells for Remote Pressure Relief Coalbed Methane Drainage in Mining Areas,” Mining Science and Technology, 2010, vol. 20.
4. Han, J.Z., Sang, S.X., Cheng, Z.Z., and Huang, H.Z., “Exploitation Technology of Pressure Relief Coalbed Methane in Vertical Surface Wells in the Huainan Coal Mining Area,” Mining Science and Technology, 2009, vol. 19.
5. Sang, S.X., Xu, H.J., Fang, L.C., Li, G.J., and Huang, H.Z., “Stress Relief Coalbed Methane Drainage by Surface Vertical Wells in China,” International Journal of Coal Geology, 2009, vol. 82.
6. Xu, H.J., Sang, H.X., Fang, L.C., Huang, H.Z., and Ren, B., “Failure Characteristics of Surface Vertical Wells for Relieved Coal Gas and Their Influencing Factors in Huainan Mining Area,” Mining Science and Technology, 2011, vol. 21.
7. Liang, Z.M., Zhang, B., and W, H.B., “An Experimental Attempt to Extract Gas from Coal Seams and Gobs by Surface Boreholes,” Mine Safety, 1999, vol. 11.
8. Karacan, C.Ö., Esterhuizen, G.S., Schatzel, S.J., and Diamond, W.P., “Reservoir Simulation-Based Modeling for Characterizing Longwall Methane Emissions and Gob Gas Venthole Production,” International Journal of Coal Geology, 2007, vol. 71.
9. Karacan, C.Ö., “Forecasting Gob Gas Venthole Production Performances Using Intelligent Computing Methods for Optimum Methane Control in Longwall Coal Mines,” International Journal of Coal Geology, 2009, vol. 79.
10. Palchik, V., “Use of Gaussian Distribution for Estimation of Gob Gas Drainage Well Productivity,” Mathematical Geology, 2002, vol. 34.
11. Chen, J.H., “Test Study on Pressure-Relieved Gas Drainage and Extraction from Overlying Coal Seam by Surface Boreholes,” Mining Safety & Environmental Protection, 2010, vol. 37.
12. Xu, L.Y., “Research and Practice of Gas Draining in Bored Well on Surface,” Coal Mining Technology, 2008, vol. 13.
13. Xu, J.L. and Qian, M.G., “Study on Drainage of Relieved Methane from Overlying Coal Seam far away from the Protective Seam by Surface Well,” Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2000, vol. 29.
14. Zhou, F.B., Xia, T.Q., and Liu, Y.K., “A Calculation Model for Gas Flow Rates in Surfaces Boreholes Extracting Gas from Pressure-Relieved Seams and Gobs,” Journal of China Coal Society, 2010, vol. 35.
15. Zhao, X.Z., Fluid Dynamics and Fluid Machinery, Beijing: Coal Industry Press, 1995.
16. Zhou, S.N. and Lin, B.Q., Coal Seam Gas Storage and Flow Mechanism, Beijing: Coal Industry Press, 1999.
17. Xiao, Y.J., Zhao, L., and Jin, Y.B., Building Economy, Beijing: Coal Industry Press, 1998.
18. Zuber, M.D., “Production Characteristics and Reservoir Analysis of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs,” International Journal of Coal Geology, 1998, vol. 38.
19. Bonetskii, V.A., Bogatyrev, V.D., Bogatyreva, A.S., and Sadokhin, V.P., “Assessment of the Air Permeability of the Rock between Openings during Mining of Contiguous Seams,” Journal of Mining Science, 1976, vol. 12.
20. Liu, H.Y., Cheng, Y.P., Zhou, H.Z., Wang, F., and Chen, H.D., “Fissure Evolution and Evaluation of Pressure-Relief Gas Drainage in the Exploitation of Super-Remote Protected Seams,” Mining Science and Technology, 2010, vol. 20.
21. Yang, W., Lin, B.Q., Qu, Y.A., Zhao, S., Zhai, C., Jia, L.L., and Zhao, W.Q., “Mechanism of Strata Deformation under Protective Seam and its Application for Relieved Methane Control,” International Journal of Coal Geology: in press.

INVESTIGATION OF MINE ROADWAY SUPPORT LOAD DURING SEISMIC EVENTS
A. Nierobisz

One of the most frequent hazards occurring in Polish hard coal mines are rock bursts, which occur in the most of active mines (70%). Rock bursts are initiated mostly by rock-mass tremors with the seismic energy of 10⁴ to 10⁹ J. Analysis of roadway support damages resulting from rock bursts during recent twenty years showed that arch supports are not sufficient for rock burst protection of the working. In spite of many years investigations, answer to the question what is the true load of the support during the rock burst was still unknown. Therefore, continuous recording of load with the use of especially constructed device was arranged. In the paper, results of these measurements and their analysis are presented.

coal mine, rock bursts, arch support, dynamic load

REFERENCES
1. Nierobisz, A. and Kabiesz, J., “Database of Supports and Workings Damages Arisen in Result of Rock Bursts,” Scientific Works of Central Mining Institute, 2010, Quarterly no. 43.
2. Borecki, B., Olaszewski, W., and Pach, A., “Criteria and Conditions of Support and Rock Mass Cooperation in Seams Prone to Rock Bursts,” Mining Review, 1972, no. 4.
3. Biliński, A., Method of Longwall Support Selection for Seams with Rock Burst Hazard, Katowice: Central Mining Institute, 1980.
4. Osuch, A., “Longwall Complex for Seams with Rock Burst Hazard,” Mechanization and Automation of Mining, 1984, no. 6. 5. Chudek, M., Mine Road Support, Part 1, Publishing House Silesia, 1975.
6. Kidybiński, A., Method alongside with Instruction of Selection of Road Support for Workings with Rock Burst Hazard, Central Mining Institute Katowice, 1985.
7. Stoiński, K., “Chosen Problems of Cooperation of Support of Mining Workings with a Rock Mass at Conditions of Dynamic Load—Rock Bursts,” Proc. Mining Sci., Silesian Technology University, 1988, no. 171.
8. Ciałkowski, B., “Theoretical and Experimental Basis of Construction of Joints of Yielding Arch Support for Workings with Rock Burst Hazard,” Doctor Thesis, Central Mining Institute Katowice, 1996.
9. Pytlik, A., “Characteristic of Work of Arch Joints Studied with a Passive Resistance at Static and Dynamic Load,” Scientific Works of Central Mining Institute, 2002, Conferences no. 42.
10. Skrzyński, K., “Friction Props Dynamic Load-Bearing Capacity,” in Investigation of Dynamic Loads of Mining Workings Support, Central Mining Institute, 1999.
11. Pilecki, Z. and Gołębiowski, T., “On the Possibilities of Numeric Evaluation of Mining Tremors onto Roadways with Roof Bolting,” Mining Review, 1999, no. 12.
12. Mutke, G., “Character of Vibrations Caused by Mining Tremors at Close Distances to Seismic Source in Aspect of Rock Burst Hazard Assessment,” Scientific Works of Central Mining Institute, 2007, no. 872.
13. Kidybiński, A., “Field of Dynamic Strain of Ceilings Rocks of Roadways after Rock Mass Tremors,” Central Mining Institute, Mining and Environment, 2007, no. 2.
14. Masny, W., “Dynamic Impact of Rock Mass Tremors on a Support of Mining Workings,” Doctor Thesis, Central Mining Institute, Katowice, 2010.

ROCK FAILURE

ROCK BREAKAGE BY PULSED ELECTRIC DISCHARGES
V. F. Vazhov, V. M. Muratov, B. S. Levchenko, S. S. Pel’tsman, D. V. Zhgun, and A. M. Adam

The electric pulse method applied to study the granite and concrete breakage at decimeter spacing between electrodes in water and their location at the surface and in boreholes has proved to be high-effective. The presence of boreholes significantly increases the breakage productivity and decreases power inputs.

electric pulse breakage, electrodes, boreholes, productivity, specific power inputs, energy input

REFERENCES
1. Semkin, B.V., Usov, A.F., and Kurets, V.I., Osnovy elektroimpul’snogo razrusheniya materialov (Principles of Electric Pulse Destruction of Materials), Saint Petersburg: Nauka, 1995.
2. Vazhov, V.F., Gafarov, R.R., Datskevich, S.Yu., et al., “Electric-Pulse Breakdown and the Breakage of Granite,” Tekh. Fiz.., 2010, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 833–838.
3. Vorob’ev, A.A. and Vorob’ev, G.A., Elektricheskii proboi i razrushenie tverdykh dielektrikov (Electric Breakdown and Destruction of Solid Dielectrics), Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola, 1966.
4. Sirotinsky, V.L., Tekhnika vysokikh napryazhenii (High-Voltage Techniques), Moscow, Leningrad: GEI, 1940.
5. Ushakov, V.Ya, Klimkin, V.F., Korobeinikov, S.M., and Lopatin V. V., Proboi zhidkostei pri impul’snom napryazhenii (Pulse Liquid Breakdown), Tomsk: NTL, 2005.
6. Vazhov, V.F., Semkin, B.V., and Adam, A.M., “Optimization of Electrical-Pulse Breakdown of Rocks and Artificial Materials,” Izv. Vuzov, Fiz., 1996, no. 4.

MINE AEROGASDYNAMICS

ESTIMATING STRENGTH OF HIGH-LOADED IMPELLERS OF LARGE-SIZE MINE AXIAL FANS
A. M. Krasyuk, E. Yu. Russky, and N. A. Popov

The paper discusses the loads on the impeller casing and twin sheet blades. The stress-strain state of basic components of rotors is determined, and the curves for relationships between the impeller stresses and the forcing frequency are plotted.

impeller casing, twin sheet blade, oscillation decrement, stress-strain state, oscillation frequency

REFERENCES
1. Babak, G.A., Bocharov, K.P., and Volokhov, A.T., Shakhtnye ventilyatornye ustanovki glavnogo provetrivaniya (Main Mine Fans), Moscow: Nedra, 1982.
2. Krasyuk, A.M. and Russky, E.Yu., “Dynamics and Strength of Axial Fans Twin Sheet Blades,” Gorn. Oborud. Elektromekh., 2009, no. 7.
3. Petrov, N.N., Popov, N.A., Batyaev, E.A., and Novikov, V.A., “Theory and Design of Reversible Axial Fans with Turn in Motion Blades of Impeller,” Journal of Mining Science, 1999, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 519–530.
4. Levin, A.V., Borishansky, K.N., and Konson, E.D., Prochnost’ i vibratsiya lopatok i diskov parovykh turbin (Strength and Vibration of Blades and Disks of Steam Turbines), Leningrad: Mashinostroenie, 1981.
5. Petrov, N.N., Popov, N.A., and Russky, E.Yu., “Scientific Substantiation and Development of a New Series of Axial Fans,” Journal of Mining Science, 2007, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 300–310.
6. Pisarenko, G.S., Yakovlev, A.P., and Matveev, V.V., Spravochnik po soprotivleniyu materialov (Handbook on Strength of Materials), 2nd Ed., Kiev: Nauk. Dumka, 1988.

PRESENT-DAY AND PROMISING VENTILATION AND DUST-AND-GAS SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS AT OPEN PIT MINES
M. M. Konorev and G. F. Nesterenko

The Institute of Mining, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences reports the many-years research data on the normalization of the open pit atmosphere, including the theoretical, experimental and commercial tests of the all-season dust-and-gas suppression processes and respective facilities at quarries in the Ural, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and Transbaikalia Regions.

open pit, atmosphere, microclimate, dust-and-gas suppression, ventilation facilities, atmosphere control

REFERENCES
1. Konorev, M.M., “Induced Ventilation and Dust-and-Gas Suppression in Open pit Atmosphere,” Extended Abstracts of the Dr. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Moscow: MGTU, 1999.
2. Filatov, S.S., Konorev, M.M., Nesterenko, G.F., et al., “Design Peculiarities and Specifications of an Open Pit Fan-Irrigator NK-12-KV-1M,” Gorny Zh., 1981, no. 6.
3. Konorev, M.M., Roslyakov, S.M., et al., “Ventilation and All-Season Dust-and-Gas Suppression,” Gorny Zh., 1990, no. 7.
4. Konorev, M.M. and Nesterenko, G.F., “Reduction in the Negative Environmental Impact of Bulk Blasting at Quarries,” Gorn. Inform.-Analit. Byull., 2005, no. 1.
5. Adushkin, V.V., Kozlov, S.I., and Petrov, A.V., Ekologicheskie problemy i riski vozdeistviya raketno-kosmicheskoi tekhniki na okruzhayushchuyu prirodnuyu sredu (Ecological Problems and Risks of Rocket-and-Space Equipment Impact on the Environment), Handbook, Moscow: Ankil, 2001.
6. Problemhye voprosy metodologii utilizatsii smesevyh tverdyh raketnyh topliv v elementakh raketno-kosmicheskoi tekhniki (Issues of the Disposal Procedure for of Mixed Solid Fuels in Rocket-and-Cosmic Engineering), Biysk: FNPTs “Altai,” 2003.
7. http://intd.uniudm.ru/proj/votk2.ru/buklet.teacher.HTMJ.htm
8. Konorev, M.M., Nesterenko, G.F., et al., “Development of Ecofriendly Disposal Technique for Large-Size Soild-Fuel Missile Engines in Underground Excavations,” Proc. 1st Ural Int. Ecol. Congress, vol. I, Geoecology. Engineering Ecology, Ekaterinburg: UrO RAN, 2007.
9. Glinka, L.M., Obshchaya khimiya (General Chemistry), Moscow: Goskhimizdat, 1958.
10. Brek, D., Tseolitovye moleculyarnye sita (Zeolite Molecular Sieves), Moscow: Mir, 1976.
11. Kubasov, A.A., “Zeolites Boiling Stones,” Soros. Obrazov. Zh., 1998, no. 7.
12. Belitsky, I.A. and Fursenko, B.A., Prakticheskoe osvoenie pripodnykh tseolitov i perspektiva ispolzovaniya netraditsionnogo tseolitovogo syr’ya (Practical Application of Natural Zeolites and Perspective Scope of Utilization of Non-Traditional Zeolite Raw Materials), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1992.

SCIENCE OF MINING MACHINES

CHOICE OF THE HARD ROCK SURFACE MINING MACHINERY IN RUSSIA
A. R. Mattis, V. I. Cheskidov, and V. N. Labutin

Based on the review of theoretical research, design experience and field experience gained in hard rock surface mining, the authors highlight the development trends in the extraction and loading machine building, and show the need to vitalize the national mining machine engineering.

shovels, open pit mine, excavator engineering, mineral mining

REFERENCES
1. Tekhniko-ekonomicheskie pokazateli gornykh predpriyatii za 1990 2000 gg. (Technical and Economic Performance of Mining Enterprises in 1990 2009), Ekaterinburg: IGD UrO RAN, 2010.
2. Tarzanov, I.G., “Final Results of Coal Mining Industry in 2010,” Ugol’, 2011, no. 3.
3. Shmatko, S.I., “Ways of the Comprehensive Development and Its Legislative Support of the Coal Mining Industry in Russian Federation,” Gorn. Prom., 2010, no. 6.
4. Kilimnik, V.G., Yakubson, G.G., and Efimova, N.V., “Coal Industry in Russia in the Beginning of the 20th Century,” Gorn. Prom., 2008, no. 4.
5. Cheskidov, V.I., “Performance Potential of the Coal Strip Mining in the East of Russia,” Journal of Mining Science, 2007, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 429–435.
6. “Analysis of the Dynamics of the Construction Materials Manufacturers Capabilities,” Marketing, 4р.ru, 1999 2008. 7. Trubetskoy, K.N., Kaplunov, D.R., Chaplygin, N.N., and Miletenko, N.V., “Subsoil and the Ecology Safety of Mineral Mining,” Otkryt. Gorn. Raboty, 2001, no. 11.
8. Repin, N.Ya., “Extraction-and-Loading Equipment and Technologies,” Gorny Zh., 2009, no. 11.
9. Kragel’, A.A., Obrosov, S.Ya., and Sandrigailo, I.N., “Field Experience Gained with Shovels EKG-12 in Russia,” Gorn. Prom., 2010, no. 6.
10. Gushinets, V.A., “The Technique to Fit a World-Level Company,” Ugol’, 2005, no. 8.
11. Paladeeva, N.I., Sovremennye tendentsii rynka ekskavatorov dlya gornykh predpriyatii mira, Rossii i stran SNG: MAKSI Ekskavator. RU. 2010–03–16 (Current Trends on the Mining Shovels Market in the World, Russia and the Former USSR Countries: MAXI Excavator. RU. 2010–03–16).
12. Kolesnikov, V.F., Koryakin, A.I., and Strel’nikov, A.V., Tekhnologiya vedeniya vyemochnykh rabot s primeneniem gidravlicheskikh ekskavatorov (Extraction with the Hydraulic Shovels), Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat, 2009.
13. Fedorov, A.V. and Inshakov, A.Yu., “SUEK Krasnoyarsk: 2010 Outcomes and 2011 Challenges,” Ugol’, 2011, no. 3. 14. “Holding Company “SDS Ugol: Sustained Development,” Ugol’, 2011, no. 3.
15. Khafizov, I.V., “Holding Company “Yakutugol” JSC: Final Results of 2010 and the Prospects,” Ugol’, 2011, no. 3.
16. “A New Machinery for the Increased Capacity at the “Shestaki” Open Pit Mine,” Ugol’, 2011, no. 3.
17. Akimenko, V.V., “Operation of Hydraulic Shovels PC-5500 at the Neryungri Open Pit Mine,” Gorny Zh., 2006, no. 10.
18. “Operation Results of the “Primorskugol” JSC in 2010,” Ugol’, 2011, no. 3.
19. Composite Authors, Gornoe oborudovanie Uralmashzavoda (Mining Machinery Manufactured at the Uralmash Machine Building Plant), Ekaterinburg: Uralskii Rabochy, 2003.
20. Perelygin, V.V., “Shovels in Mining,” Osn. Sredstva, 2007, no. 1.
21. Brodsky, G.S. and Slesarev, B.V., “Improved Reliability of the Hydraulic Motors is the Efficient Way to Introduce Hydraulic Shovels at Mining Plants in the CIS,” Gorny Zh., 2002, no. 2.
22. Shemetov, P.A., Rubtsov, S.K., and Shlykov, A.G., “Field Experience of Hydraulic Shovels at the Muruntau Open Pit Mine,” Gorny Zh., 2006, no. 10.
23. Shemetov, P.A., Rubtsov, S.K., and Shlykov, A.G., “Operating Experience of Hydraulic Shovels and Draglines at the Muruntau Open Pit Mine,” Gorn. Prom., 2005, no. 5.
24. Kuznetsov, K.Yu. and D’yachenko, K.I., “Conceptualization of the Well-Founded Choice of the Innovative Mining Equipment,” Gorn. Prom., 2010, no. 5.
25. Anistratov, K.Yu., “Mine Excavators—Hydraulic Shovels or Draglines?” Ugol’, 2010, no. 6.
26. Il’bul’din, D.Kh., Karimov, F.R., and Mavlonov, O.A., “Analysis of the Use Experience of Hydraulic Shovels and Draglines in Open Mining in Russia and Kazakhstan,” in Proc. Ural Mineral Mining Decade, Ekaterinburg, 2007.
27. Firsov, A.L., Bobrovsky, D.A., and Sinyakov, A.A., “Technical Reequipment at the “Neryungri” Open Pit Mine—Affiliate of the Holding Company “Yakutugol” JSC,” Gorn. Inform.-Analit. Byull., 2007, vol. 17, no. 2.
28. Durnev, N.V., Kragel’, A.A., and Tsvetkov, V.N., “New Generation of Powerful Shovels OMZ with Rack-and-Pinion Gear,” Gorn. Oborud. Elekrtomekh., 2007, no. 2.
29. Rakhutin, M.G., “Sources to Improve Equipment Handling Efficiency,” Gorny Zh., 2006, no. 12.
30. Abalkin, L.I., “We Can Put Our Country on Its Legs,” Arg. Fakty, 2010, no. 50.

CHOOSING PARAMETERS OF DESIGN ELEMENTS OF AN IMPULSE SEISMIC SOURCE
V. P. Pevchev

Based on the analysis of actuation of an impulse seismic source, the formulas are presented for calculating the motor impulse stroke length, and weights of the seismic vibrator and swamp block, that can be used in the seismic source designing.

impulse seismic source, efficiency, vibrator, swamp block, impulse stroke

REFERENCES
1. Shneerson, M.B. and Maiorov, V.V., Nazemnaya nevzryvnaya seismorazvedka (Surface Nonexplosive Seismics), Moscow: Nedra, 1988.
2. Ivannikov, N.A., Pevchev, V.P., and Revyakin, V.I., “Electromagnetic Motor for Surface Seismic Vibrator,” in Vzryvozashchishchennoe i rudnichnoe elektrooborudovanie (Explosion-Proof Electric Equipment for Mines), issue 14, Kemerovo: NII NPO “Kuzbasselektromotor,” 1991.
3. Chichinin, I.S., Vibratsionnoe izluchenie seismicheskikh voln (Vibration Generation of Seismic Waves), Moscow: Nauka, 1984.
4. Fedynsky, V.V., Razvedochnaya geofizika (Geoexploration), Moscow: Nedra, 1967.
5. Kharkevich, A.A., Izbrannye trudy. T. 1: Teoriya akusticheskikh preobrazovatelei. Volnovye protsessy (Selectals. Vol. 1: Theory of Electroacoustic Transducers. Wave Processes), Moscow: Nauka, 1973.
6. Molokanov, G.I., “Conversion of Mechanical Energy to Seismic Energy under Impact,” Razved. Geofiz., 1979, no. 65.
7. Grigolyuk, E.I. and Gorshkov, A.G., Vzaimodeistvie uprugikh konstruktsii s zhidkost’yu (Interaction of Elastic Structures and Fluids), Leningrad: Sudostroenie, 1976.
8. Boganik, G.N. and Gurvich, I.I., Seismicheskaya razvedka / Uchebnik dlya vuzov (Seismic Exploration / Higher College Textbook), Moscow: Nedra, 1980.

MINERAL DRESSING

KINETICS OF MECHANICAL FLOCCULE SYNAERESIS
V. E. Vigdergauz and G. Yu. Gol’berg

The authors analyze the kinetics of water removal from the orthokinetically formed floccules by mechanical synaeresis. The floccule moisture and time relationship is established under influence of unbalanced force system. It is found that the mechanical treatment of floccules in coal flotation concentrate at velocity gradient of 3–30 l/s reduces the product moisture by 1.5–2.0%, and the floccules integrity remains undisturbed. This finding allows reducing the concentrate drying cost by 10–15%.

flocculation, synaeresis, kinetics, dewatering, moisture

REFERENCES
1. Eimenova, G.L., and Baichenko, A.A., “Use of Polymer Flocculants to Intensify Filtration of Coal Flotation Concentrate,” Vestnik KuzPI, 1996.
2. Yusa, M., “Mechanisms of Pelleting Flocculation,” Int. J. Min. Proc., 1977, no. 4.
3. Walaszek, W. and Ay, P., “Extended Interpretation of the Structural Attributes of Pellet Flocs in Pelleting Flocculation,” Minerals Engineering, 2006, vol. 19, no. 13.
4. Walaszek, W. and Ay, P., “Porosity and Interior Structure Analysis of Pellet-Flocs,” Colloids and Surfaces, Ser. A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2006, vol. 280, nos. 1–3.
5. Biggs, S., Habgood, M., Jameson Graeme J., and Yao-de Yan, “The Fractal Analysis of Aggregates Formed via a Bridging Flocculation Mechanism,” Simon Biggs, Michael Habgood, Graeme J. Jameson, Yao-de Yan (Eds.), Proc. 26th Australian Chemical Engineering Conference (Chemeca 98), Port Douglas, 1998.
6. Nagel, M. and Ay, P., “Characterization of Floc Structure Using Cluster Analysis,” Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, 1999, vol. 16.
7. Rebinder, P.A., “Types of Bonding between Water and Materials in Drying,” All Union Meeting on the Process Intensity and Material Grade Improvement in Industrial and Agricultural Drying Operations, Moscow: Profizdat, 1958.
8. Zhuzhikov, V.A., Fil’trovanie: teoriya i praktika razdeleniya suspenzii (Filtration: Theory and Practice of Suspension Separation), Moscow: Khimiya, 1980.
9. Liu, S.X., “Aggregate Disintegration in Turbulent Jets,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1997, vol. 95.
10. Israelachvili, J.N., Intermolecular and Surface Forces, London: Academic Press, 1992.
11. Wang, L. and Yoon, R.-H., “Role of Hydrophobic Force in the Thinning of Foam Films Containing a Nonionic Surfactant, Colloids and Surfaces,” Ser. A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2006, vol. 282–283, no. 1.
12. Bhattacharjee, S., Elimelech, M., and Borkovec, M., “DLVO Interaction between Colloidal Particles: beyond Derjaguin’s Approximation,” Croatica Chemica Acta, 1998, vol. 71, no. 4.
13. Agarwal, S., “Efficiency of Shear-Induced Agglomeration of Particulate Suspensions Subjected to Bridging Flocculation,” PhD. Thesis, Morgantown: West Virginia University, 2002.
14. Horkay, F., Tasaki, I., and Basser, P.J., “Osmotic Swelling of Polyacrylate Hydrogels in Physiological Salt Solutions,” Biomacromolecules, 2000, vol. 1, no. 1.
15. Korolev, L.V., Lupanov, A.P., and Pridatko, Yu.M., “Dense Packing of Polydispersed Particles in Composite Construction Materials,” Sovr. Probl. Nauki Obrazov., 2007, no. 6.
16. Walaszek, W., “Untersuchungen zu Strukturbildungsphänomenen in der Pelletierungsflockung in Abhängigkeit von der Prozessführung im Hinblick auf die Optimierung der Feststoffkonditionierung,” Dr.-Ing. Dissertation, Cottbus: Brandenburgischen Technischen Universität Cottbus, 2007.

GALENA OXIDATION MECHANISM
B. E. Goryachev and A. A. Nikolaev

The authors study the process of the oxidation of galena in the liquid phase of flotation pulp of alkaline pH in terms of the formal kinetics. Kinetic schemes of the process are considered. The theoretical kinetic parameters of the overall oxidation reactions of galena are defined as a result of calculations. The most probable rate-determining steps of the galena oxidation, as well as the equations of the rate of oxidizing the galena particles in the alkaline mineral suspensions, are found.

galena, flotation pulp, alkaline medium, kinetic schemes, rate-determining step of galena oxidation

REFERENCES
1. Kakovsky, I.A., Maksimov, A.V., and Saburov, L.V., “Oxidation of Some Sulphide of Copper-Zink Ores in the Presence of Pyrite,” Obog. Rud, 1979, no. 5.
2. Kakovsky, I.A. and Kosikov, E.M., “Kinetics of Oxidation of Some Sulphide Minerals,” Obog. Rud, 1975, no. 3.
3. Woodcock, J.T., “Some Aspects of the Oxidation of Sulphide Minerals in Aqueous Suspensions,” Proc. Austral. Inst. Mining and Met., 1961, no. 8.
4. Strizhko, V.S., Goryachev, B.E., and Ulasyuk, S.M., “Main Kinetic Parameters of Electrochemical Galena Oxidation in Alkaline Solutions,” Izv. vuzov, Tsv. Metall., 1986, no. 6.
5. Yushina, T.I., Flotatsionnye reagenty: ucheb. posobie. Ch. 1 (Handbook of Flotation Reagents. Part II), Moscow: MGGU, 2002.
6. Avdokhin, V.M. and Abramov, A.A., Okislenie sul’fidnykh mineralov v protsesse obogashcheniya (Oxidation of Sulphide Minerals in Dressing), Moscow: Nedra, 1989.
7. Abramov, A.A., Teoreticheskie osnovy optimizatsii selektivnoi flotatsii sul’fidnykh rud (Theory of Optimization of Selective Flotation of Sulphide Ores), Moscow: Nedra, 1978.
8. Vigdergaus, V.E. and Kondrat’ev, S.A., “Role of Dixantogen in Froth Flotation,” Journal of Mining Science, 2009, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 398 403.
9. Goryachev, B.E., Nikolaev, A.A., and Lyakisheva, L.N., “Electrochemistry of Galena Oxidation as the Basis for Optimization of Agent Modes in Flotation of Polymetallic Ores,” Journal of Mining Science, 2010, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 681–689.
10. Goryachev, B.E., Nikolaev, A.A., and Lyakisheva, L.N., “Electrochemical Kinetics of Galena-Sulphydryl Collector Interaction as the Basis to Develop Ion Models of Sorption-Layer Formation on the Surface of Sulphide Minerals,” Journal of Mining Science, 2011, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 382–389.
11. Gerasimov, I.Ya, et al., Kurs fizicheskoi khimii (Physical Chemistry), Moscow: Khimiya, 1973, vol. 2. 12. Chanturia, V.A. and Vigdergauz, V.E., Elektrokhimiya sul’fidov. Teoriya i praktika flotatsii (Electrochemistry of Sulfides. Theory and Practice of Flotation), Moscow: “Ruda Metally,” 2008.
13. Latimer, W.M., The Oxidation States of the Elements and Their Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1952, p. 245.

DRESSABILITY OF ABAGAS HEMATITE-MAGNETITE ORES
V. I. Kilin, E. K. Yakubailik, L. P. Kostenenko, and I. M. Ganzhenko

A number of magnetic separation processes are used to study preparability of two main hematite-magnetite and magnetite- muscovite ore types extacted it the Abagas iron ore deposit. The dry magnetic separation results were judged as acceptable for the rough processing stage, while the products of the wet magnetic separation were the high-grade iron ore concentrates. The two-stage beneficiation tests on complex hematite-magnetite ores demonstrated much higher cumulative iron recovery from the test ore.

magnetite, hematite, ilvaite, dry, wet, high-gradient magnetic separation, jigging

REFERENCES
1. “Investigation into Dressability of Abagas Iron Ore (Yuzhny-2 Open Pit),” R&D Report No. 1: Samples nos. 8–10; R&D Report No. 2: Samples nos. 11, 13–21, EVRAZRUDA, Novokuznetsk, 2005.
2. Karmazin, V.V. and Karmazin, V.I., Magnitnye, elektricheskie i spetsial’nye metody obogashcheniya poleznykh iskopaemykh (Magnetic, Electrical and Specific Mineral Processing Processes), vol. 1, Moscow: MGTU, 2005.
3. Subbota, L.F., Maly, V.M., et al., “Jigging of Krivbass Low-Grade Lumpy Ores,” Chern. Metall.: “Chermetinformatsia”. Byull., 1991, vol. 6, no. 1106.

GEOSYSTEM-LEVEL CLASSIFICATION OF PREPARATION AND PROCESSING PLANTS
V. P. Myazin

The paper reviews existent classifications of preparation and processing plants and their drawbacks, gives determining features of efficiency of attributes used in the discussed classifications, and offers a new classification of preparation and processing plants integrated into a compound geosystem based on a collection of characteristic attributes.

geosystem, preparation plants, processing plants, classification, ecology safety, criteria

REFERENCES
1. Kozlovsky, E.A. (Ed.), Gornaya entsiklopediya (Mining Encylopedia), vol. 5, Moscow: Sov. Entsikl., 1991.
2. Bogdanov, O.S. (Ed.), Spravochnik po obogashcheniyu rud. Tom 4: Obogatitel’nye fabriki (Reference Book on Ore Preparation. Vol. 4: Preparation Plants), Moscow: Nedra, 1984.
3. Abramov, A.A., Sobranie sochinenii. Tom 1: Obogatitel’nye protsessy i apparaty: uchebnik dlya vuzov (Collected Edition. Vol. 1: Preparation Processes and Equipment: Higher Education Textbook), Moscow: Gornaya kniga, 2010.
4. Myazin, V.P. and Cherkasov, V.G., Oborotnoe vodosnabzhenie transportno-obogratitel’nykh kompleksov: uchebnoe posobie (Water Recycling at Transportation-Preparation Complexes: Educational Aid), Chita: ChitGU, 2006.
5. Lizunkin, V.M., Myazin, V.P., and Romanova, N.P., Metodologiya nauchnogo tvorchestva: prakticheskoe posobie dlya magistrantov i aspirantov (Scientific Art Methodology: Candidates’ and Postgraduates’ Practical Guide), Chita: ChitGU, 2001.
6. Pavlenko, Yu.V., Myazin, V.P., and Sergeenko, E.N., “Ecological Safety on Colored, Rare and Noble Metal Ore Preparation,” Gorny Zh., 2001, no. 5.
7. Laskorin, B.N., Barsky, L.A., and Persits, V.Z., Bezotkhodnaya tekhnologiya pererabotki mineral’nogo syr’ya. Sistemnyi analiz (Nonwaste Mineral Processing Technology. System Analysis), Moscow: Nedra, 1984.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN MINING

DETERMINATION OF MINING-INDUCED HEARING LOSS WITH OTOACOUSTIC EMISSION METHOD AT TKI-ELI LIGNITE FIELD
A. I. Yilmaz

Noise at the working environment is highly affecting the human health, especially in mining. Continuity of this noise causes hearing loss of miners. In this study, hearing loss based on noise is researched by audiometry and otoacoustic emission on casual staff of TKI-ELI coal mines. The difference of this method is taking the otoacoustic emission measurements before audiometry measurements. In 2007, audiometry and otoacoustic emission measurements were made on 639 miners at Ege Lignite Enterprises. It is determined that conductive hearing loss had seen at 32 miners and sensorineural hearing loss had seen at 83 miners. It was decided to dispatch 9 miners to Occupational Diseases Hospital after making tests to these 83 miners at Soma State Hospital. It is revealed that these 9 miners shouldn’t be allowed to work at loud environment according to the first report of Occupational Diseases Hospital. The detection of the possible and occupational disease group hearing loss has become very easy with this method.

audiometry, otoacoustic emission, hearing loss, noise control

REFERENCES
1. Kopke, R.D., Hoffer, M.E., Wester, D., O’Leary, M.J., and Jackson. R.L., “Target Topical Steroid Therapy in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss,” Otol. Neurotol., 2001, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 475–479.
2. Arch Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, 2001, vol. 127, no. 3, pp. 253–258.
3. Kemp, D.T., “Otoacoustic Emissions in Perspective,” in: Otoacoustic Emissions Clinical Applications, Robinette, M.S. and Glattke, T.J. (Eds.), New York: Stuttgart Thieme, 1997.
4. Turgut, S. and Uzer, T.Ş., Akustik Travmada Pentoksifilin Steroid Kombine Tedavisinin İşitme Kayb? Űzerindeki Etkisi (Hayvan Modeli).
5. “The Rule of Workers Safety and Health,” Resmi Gazete, 11.1.1974.
6. Sennaroğlu, L., Dini, F.M., Sennaroğlu, G., Gursel, B., and Ozkan S., “Transtympanic Dexamethasone Application in Miner’s Disease: An Alternative Treatment for Intractable Vertigo,” J. Laryngol. Otol., 1999, vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 217–221.
7. Onur, Ç., The Methods of Ear Diagnosis.
8. Madanoğlu, N.A., Hearing Loss of Adult People.

MINING ECOLOGY

QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN THE MINING AND PROCESSING INDUSTRY AREAS
G. V. Kalabin

The problem of ecology dynamics assessment in mineral mining areas is analyzed. The author is the first to suggest integrated earth remote sensing methods and surface measurement techniques to obtain real-time and independent information about ecological situation at the industrial sites. A new approach to ranging mining and processing plants by their ecological impact is proposed.

mineral and raw materials complex, ecological assessment, satellite images, vegetation index, soil phytotoxicity

REFERENCES
1. Reformirovanie zakonodatel’stva v sfere okhrany okruzhayushchei sredy Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Reformation of the Russian Federation Legislation on Environmental Protection), Report of the Minister of the RF Ministry of Nature and Ecology Yu.P. Trutnev at the State Council Presidium Session on Ecology, Elista, 2010.
2. Kalabin, G.V., Kulov, S.K., Titova, A.V., and Pikhlak, A.-T.A., Zemlya zhivaya (The Living Earth), Moscow: VNIIgeosistem, 2010.
3. Kokin, A.V., Assimilyatsionnyi potentsial biosfery (Assimilation Potential of Biosphere), Rostov-on-Don: SKAGS, 2005.
4. Kata-Pendis, A. and Pendis, Kh., Mikroelementy v pochvakh i rasteniyakh (Microelements in Soils and Plants), Moscow: Mir, 1989.
5. Lantieri, D., Potential Use of Satellite Remote Sensing for Land Degradation Assessment in Dry Lands, FAO, Rome, 2003.
6. Kronberg, P., Fernerkundung der Erde, Stuttgart: Enke, 1985.
7. Swain, P.H and Davis, S.M. (Eds.), Remote Sensing: The Quantitative Approach, McGraw Hill, 1979.
8. Rouse, J.W., Haas, R.H., Schell, J.A., and Deering, D.W., “Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS,” Proc. 3rd ERTS Symposium, NASA SP-351, 1973, vol. 1.
9. Land Degradation in Central Asia, ADB TA 6356-REG: Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management Multicountry Partnership Framework Support Project, GIS Specialist-final-report-ru.pdf, 2008.
10. Kondrat’ev, K.Ya. and Dechanko, P. P. Spektral’naya otrazhatel’naya sposobnost’ i raspoznavanie rastitel’nosit (Spectral Reflectance and Identification of Vegetation), Leningrad: Nauka, 1987.
11. Kalabin, G.V., “Impact of Mining Regions in Russia on the Environment: Ranging by the Ecology Risk Factor and the Forecast through 2030,” in Nauka i prosveshchenie: k 250-letiyu Geologicheskogo muzeya RAN (Science and Enlightenment: To the 250th Anniversary of the Geological Museum of RAS), Moscow: Nauka, 2009.
12. Evdokimova, G.A., Kalabin, G.V., and Mozgova, N.P., “Content and Toxicity of Heavy Metals in Soils in the Exhaust Impact Zone of the Severonikel Plant,” Pochvoved., 2011, no. 2.
13. Kalabin, G.V., Evdokimova, G.A., and Gorny, V.I., “Vegetation Dynamics Assessment in the Damage Impact Zone of the Severonikel Plant in the Course of Reducing Industrial Load on the Environment,” Gorny Zh., 2010, no. 2.
14. Кalabin, G.V., Titova, A.V., and Sharov, A.V., Otsenka dinamiki rastital’nogo pokrova narushennykh territorii, zagryazneniya vodoemov i pochv v zone vliyaniya kombinata ZAO Karabashmed (Assessment of Vegetation Mantle Dynamics, as well as Contamination of Soils and Water Basins in the Influence Zone of the Karabashmed Plant), in print.

DISCHARGE OF EXCESS BRINE INTO WATER BODIES AT POTASH PLANTS
A. P. Lepikhin, T. P. Lyubimova, Ya. N. Parshakova, and A. A. Tiunov

The paper covers the issues of the excessive brine yield at Verkhne-Kamsk potash and magnesium salt mine (UKPMS). The authors consider that in the short-term outlook the promising solution to this problem is the discharge of excess brine into the Kama man-made water reservoir on the regular basis with compulsory dilution of brine solutions to be disposed.

excess brine yield, disposal, water bodies, simulation

REFERENCES
1. Lepikhin, A.P. and Miroshnichenko, S.A., “Technogenic Impact of Solikamsk Bereznikovo Industrial Zone on Water Bodies,” Gorny Zh., 2008, no. 10.
2. http://Wapedia.mobi/de/Wirbelloss]
3. Shchegolev, K.V., Nakopiteli dlya zaschity vodoemov ot zagryaznenia (Sewage Storages as a Pollution Protection Means for Water Bodies), Kiev, 1962.
4. Pleshkov, Ya.F., Regulirovanie rechnogo stoka (Control of River Run-Off), Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1975.
5. Pleshkov, Ya.F. and Mukhopad, V.I., Voprosy inzhenernoi gidrokhimii i okhrany vod (Hydrochemical Engineering and Water Protection), Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1979.
6. Lepikhin, A.P., Vagner, N.V., and Pan’kova, O.I., “Hydrological Issues of Controlled Sewage Discharge into Water Streams, BKRU-4, Berezniki,” Vodnoe Khozyaistvo Rossii, 2003, no. 4.
7. Frolov, V.A., “Evaluation of “Sewage River Water” Mixing Degree,” in Proizvodstvennye stochnye vody. Voprosy ochistki (Sewage. Sewage Treatment Issues), Issue 2, Moscow: Medgiz, 1950.
8. Metodika razrabotki normativov dopustimykh sbrosov veshchestv i mikroorganizmov v vodnye ob”ekty dlya vodopolzovatelei (Methods for Development of Standards for Admissible Pollutant and Microorganism Discharge into Water Bodies), under the Decree of the Natural Resource Ministry, no. 333 as of December 17, 2007.
9. Lepikhin, A.P., “The Sixtieth Anniversary of the Well-Known Sewage-Dilution Calculation Method,” Vodnoe Khozaistvo: Probl. Tech., Upravl., 2010, no. 5.
10. Lyubimova, T.P., Lepikhin, A.P., Parshakova, Ya.N., and Tiunov, A.A., “Numerical Modeling of Dilution and Disposal of High-Mineralized Brines in Turbulent Streams,” Vychislit. Mech. Splosh. Sred, 2010, no. 5.
11. SMS. TUTORIALS. Version 9.2. Brigham Young University—Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory, October 13, 2006.
12. Lepikhin, A.P. and Tiunov, A.A., “Construction of Hydrodynamic Model to Predict the Evolution of Pollution Zones in the Amur-River Basin,” Proc. Int. Conf. Management of Water Resource Systems under Extreme Conditions, Moscow, 2008.
13. AtlaseEdinoi glubokovodnoi sistemy evropeiskoi chasti RSFSR (Atlas of Integrated Deep Water System of the European Region of the Russian Federation), vol. 9, part 1, The Kama River from Kerchevsky to Chaikovsky towns, Moscow, 2000.
14. Vostretsov, S.P., “Calculation of Physical Characteristics of Brines, Salt Suspensions, and Soils,” Gorny Zh., 2008, no. 10.
15. Rekomendatsii po razmeshcheniyu i proektirovaniyu rasseivayushchikh vypuskov stochnykh vod (Recommendations on Location and Design of Sewage Scattering Discharge Facilities), Moscow: Stroiizdat, 1981.

GEOECOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF LAND AND WATER UTILIZATION IN THE URAL NATURAL AND TECHNOGENIC MINERAL RESOURCE EXPLOITATION AREAS
N. Yu. Antoninova, L. S. Rybnikova, Yu. O. Slavikovskaya, P. A. Rybnikov, and L. A. Shubina

The paper focuses on the geoecological estimation of the mining impact on land and water resources in the Ural. The present ecological exploration are prompted by the current situation dealing with the abundance of natural and technogenic mineral resources and natural zonal geographical peculiarities in the Ural.

mining area, disturbed lands, technogenic mineral formations, ecological damage, sewage, diffused runoff

REFERENCES
1. Chaikina, G.M. and Antoninova, N.Yu., “Technogenic Formations in the Territory of the Ural Federal Okrug and the Land Utilization Problem,” Izv. Samar. Nauchn. Zentra RAN, 2011, vol. 13, no. 1.
2. Gosudarstvennii doklad o sostoyanii okruzhayushchei pripodnoi sredy i vliyanie faktorov sredy obitaniya na zdorovie naseleniya sverdlovskoi oblasti v 2007 godu (The State Report on the Environment Situation and the Technogenic Impact on the Population Health in the Sverdlovsk Region 2007), Ekaterinburg: Ural Universitet, 2007.
3. Vremennaya metodika opredeleniya ekonomicheskoi effektivnosti osushchestvleniya prirodookhrannykh meropriyatii I otsenki ekonomicheskogo ushcherba prichinyaemogo narodnomu khozyaistvu zagryazneniem okruzhayushchei sredy (Provisional Guidelines for Evaluation of the Economic Efficiency of the Environment Protection Measures and the Economic Damage Caused by the Environment Contamination), Moscow, 1999.
4. Zoteev, V.G., “The Environment Situation in Ural High Industrial Areas and Ways for its Improvement,” Proc. Int. Conf. ”Engineering and Geological Problems of Urbanized Territories” Ekaterinburg: Aquapress, 2001.
5. Gosudarstvennii doklad o sostoyanii okruzhayushchei pripodnoi sredy i vliyanie faktorov sredy obitaniya na zdorovie naseleniya sverdlovskoi oblasti v 2009 godu (The State Report on the Environment Situation and the Technogenic Impact on the Health of Local Population in the Sverdlovsk Region 2009), Ekaterinburg: Ural Universitet, 2009.
6. Rybnikova, L.S., Feldman, A.L., and Rybnikov, P.A., “Monitoring of the Earth Inferior State in the Ural Federal Okrug,” Razvedka i Okhrana Nedr, 2007, no.7.
7. Rybnikova, L.S., Feldman, A.L., and Rybnikov, “Problems on the Engineering Protection of the Hydrosphere in Exploitation and Closure of Mines in the Mid Ural Area at Levikhinsky Mine as an Example,” Vodnoe Khozyaistvo Rosii, 2011, no. 2.
8. Vremennaya metodika opredeleniya predotvrashchenogo ekologicheskogo ushcherba (Provisional Guidelines for Prevented Ecological Damage), Moscow, 1999.
9. Metodika ischisleniya razmera ushcherba vyzyvaemogo zakhlamleniem, zagryazneniem, i degradatsiei zemel na territorii Moskvy (Guidelines for Evaluation of the Econimic Damage from Strewment, Contamination, and Degradation of Moscow Lands), Moscow, 1999.
10. Metodika ischisleniya razmera vreda okruzhayushchei srede (Guidelines for Evaluation of the Environment Damage), Tomsk, 2002.
11. Federalny Zakon “Ob Okhrane okruzhayushchei sredy” (Federal Law On Environmental Protection), dated Januuary 10, 2002.

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