JMS, Vol. 48, No. 1, 2012

GEOMECHANICS

DIAGNOSTICS OF CONSTRUCTION UNITS BY NOISE FIELD (PHYSICAL SIMULATION DATA)
Yu. I. Kolesnikov, K. V. Fedin, A. A. Kargapolov, and A. F. Emanov

To diagnose construction units, the potentiality of identifying the standing waves in the acoustic noises has been shown by using the models of rectangular beams containing damages in the form of slits. The influence of the slits on the natural frequencies of the beams has been analyzed.

noise field, standing waves, beams with slits, physical simulation

REFERENCES
1. Mansurov, V.A. and Hanov, V.Kh., “Problems in Microseismic Monitoring of Underground Objects,” Proc. Int. Conf. Geodynamics and Stress State of the Earth Interiors, Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 1999.
2. Oparin, V.N., Sashurin, A.D., Kulakov, G.I., Leont’ev, A.V., Nazarov, L.A. et al., Sovremennaya geodinamika massiva gornykh porod verkhnei chasti litosfery: istoki, parametry, vozdeistvie na ob’ekty nedropol’zovaniya (Current Geodynamics of Rock Mass in the Upper Lithosphere: Sources, Parameters, and Influence on the Earth Interiors), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2008.
3. Emanov, A.F., Seleznev, V.S., Bakh, A.A. et al., “Detail Seismological Studies of Buildings and Structures by Standing Waves,” Proc. Geophys. Conf. Problems in Regional Geophysics, Novosibirsk: Tipografia Sibiri Ltd, 2001.
4. Emanov, A.F., Seleznev, V.S., Bakh, A.A. et al., “Recalculation of Standing Waves During Detail Seismological Engineering,” Geol. Geofiz., 2002, vol. 43, no. 2.
5. Emanov, A.F., Seleznev, V.S., and Bakh, A.A., “Coherent Reconstruction of Standing Wave Fields as the Basis for Detailed Seismological Study of Engineering Structures,” Seismol. Stroit. Bezop. Sooruzh., 2007, no. 3.
6. Emanov, A.F., Seleznev, V.S., Kuz’menko, A.P., Baryshev, V.S., and Saburov, V.S., RF Patent 2150684, Byull. Izobret., 2000, no. 16. 7. Emanov,
A.F. and Seleznev, V.S., “Recalculation of Oscillations by the Wiener Filters as the Basis of the Universal Processing Method for Seismic Waves,” Proc. Int. Geophys. Conf. Problems of Seismology in the Third Millennium, Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2003.
8. Abaqus Student Edition, available at: http://www.simulia.com/academics/student.html.

PHYSICAL MODELING OF THE GRAIN SIZE INFLUENCE ON ACOUSTIC EMISSION IN THE HEATED GEOMATERIALS
V. L. Shkuratnik and E. A. Novikov

Physical modeling of deformation of a hardening composite sample with a filler made of quartz sand with different grain sizes has established a relation between the acoustic emission parameters in the heated geomaterial, its grain size and strength. Anomalous acoustic emission has been revealed within definite heating temperature ranges, correlating the geomaterial strength in the first case and with the geomaterial grain size in the second case. The resultant experimental relation between the strength and grain size of agrees with the Hall—Petch relation.

Thermoacoustic emission, physical modeling, mineral grain size, geomaterial, mechanical properties, Hall—Petch relation

REFERENCES
1. Isaenko, M.P., Opredelitel’ struktur i tekstur rud (Determinant for Ore Texture and Structure), Moscow: Nedra, 1983.
2. Belov, M.A., Cherepetskaya, E.B., Shkuratnik, V.L., Karabutov, A.A., Makarov, V.A., and Podymova, N.B., “Qualitative Estimation of Mineral Grain Sizes by Ultrasonic Laser Spectroscopy,” Journal of Mining Science, 2003, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 419—424.
3. Pirkryl, R., Lokajicek, T., Li, C., and Rudajev, V., “Acoustic Emission Characteristics and Failure of Uniaxially Stressed Granitic Rocks: The Effects of Rock Fabric,” Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2003, vol. 36, no. 4.
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5. Vinnikov, V.A., Voznesensky, A.S., Ustinov, K.B., and Shkuratnik, V.L., “Theoretical Models of Acoustic Emission in Rocks under Varied Heating Regimes,” Prikl. Mekh. Tekh. Fiz., 2010, vol. 51, no. 1.
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7. Gogotsi, G.A. and Negovsky, A.N., “Efficiency of the Acoustic Emission Recording in Estimation of Ceramic and Refractory Properties Depending on Strain,” Ogneupory, 1983, no. 6.
8. Nikitin, A.N., Vasin, R.N., Balagurov, A.M., Sobolev, G.A., Ponomarev, A.V., “Thermal and Deformation Properties of Quartzites in the Temperature Range of the Polymorphous Transfer Using Neural Diffraction of Acoustic Emission,” Pis’ma v ECHAYA, 2006, vol. 3, no. 1.
9. Vinnikov, V.A., Kirichenko, I.V., and Shkuratnik, V.L., “Application of the Hall—Petch Relation to Describing the Link of the Thermoacoustic Emission, Strength, and Grain Sizes in Geo-Materials,” Gorn. Inform.-Analit. Byull., 2010, no. 12.

GAS-DYNAMIC STAGE OF THE COAL AND GAS OUTBURST WITH ALLOWANCE FOR DESORPTION
I. A. Fedorchenko and A. V. Fedorov

Within the nonstationary, equilibrium velocity approach of the nonuniform environment mechanics, the coal and gas outburst problem is solved. Desorption of fixed gas at the surface of coal particles is described using the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The constitute equation of the coal and gas mixture includes desorption of the fixed gas. The numerical analysis of the mixture flow patterns under the coal and gas outburst provided relationships of the depression and shock wave velocities and the initial concentration of particles in the coal and gas mixtures.

multiphase medium, outburst, desorption

REFERENCES
1. Fedorov, A.V., “Calculation of Mutual Penetration of Solid Particles and Gas in Coal Beds,” Extended Abstract of Cand. Phys.-Math. Sci. Dissertation, Novosibirsk, 1975.
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3. Fedorov, A.V. and Fedorchenko, I.A., “Mathematical Modeling of Methane Flow in Coal Beds,” Journal of Mining Science, 2009, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 9—21.
4. Fedorov, A.V. and Fedorchenko, I.A., “Numerical Modeling of the Coal-and-Gas Outburst Gasdynamics,” Journal of Mining Science, 2010, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 473—484.

DEFORMATION OF. A. COAL SEAM WITH. A. SYSTEM OF ISOLATED GAS-FILLED FISSURES
Yu. F. Kovalenko, Yu. V. Sidorin, and K. B. Ustinov

The paper deals with the problems on mechanics of material with gas-filled fissure-like discontinuities, considered in terms of coal, rocks and gas outbursts in coal mines.

outburst, gas-filled fissure, stress state

REFERENCES
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9. Kurlaev, A.R., “Evaluation of Degassing Effect on a Free Flow of Soil with Pressurized Gas Content in Its Pores,” Preprint no. 163, Moscow: IPM AN SSSR, 1980.
10. Alekseev, A.D., Nedodaev, N.V., and Starikov, G.P., “Failure of Gas-Saturated Coal under Bulk Stress State in Unloading,” Preprint no. 139, Moscow: IPM AN SSSR, 1979.
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FEATURES OF THERMOMECHANICAL EFFECTS IN ROCK SALT SAMPLES UNDER UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION
V. I. Sheinin and D. I. Blokhin

The article describes the uniaxial compression tests on rock salt samples under monotonic loading, which were carried out with the synchronous record of changes in thermal radiation and mechanical parameters. A relationship between the nonlinear deformation stages and the features of thermomechanical processes is found. The rate of change in rock stress state is shown to affect the information value of variations in the attendant infrared radiation. The experimental results point out the possibility of using the method in monitoring of the real geomechanical objects.

geomaterials, rock salt, longitudinal stresses, longitudinal strains, infrared radiation, deformation stages

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ONE PLASTIC GRADIENT MODEL OF ZONAL DISINTEGRATION OF ROCK MASS NEAR DEEP LEVEL TUNNELS
M. Y. Wang, C. Z. Qi, Q. H. Qian, and J. J. Chen

In the present paper zonal disintegration phenomenon is investigated within the framework of gradient theories of elastic-plastic solids. Gradient of effective plastic strain is introduced as additional internal variable. Equilibrium equation and boundary conditions are obtained by using virtual work principle. Evolution equations for internal variables are obtained by using Clausius—Duhem inequality. For circular tunnels the governing equation for effective plastic strain is obtained from the above model. Solution of the governing equation for ideal brittle rock mass model is obtained. The obtained solution may describe zonal disintegration phenomenon very well.

deep-level tunnel, zonal disintegration, internal variable, gradient plasticity

REFERENCES
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ORIGINATION AND DEVELOPMENT MECHANICS OF THE EARTH’S MORPHOSTRUCTURES. PART II: THE NATURE OF DIATREME, KARST AND TRAPPEAN FORMATIONS, AND THE CHICXULUB CRATER ORIGIN
S. B. Stazhevsky

The article analyzes genesis of representative morphostructures of the Earth, and substantiates that their origin, similarly to the Patomsky crater, is associated with the hydrogen outgassing and pipe formation in the internal part of the Earth, or, to put it otherwise, with the development of different diameter ring shape structures in the hard shell of the planet. Evolution of all the structures can be described with the dilatancy-explosion model, independent of their dimension. The author explains the billions years history of integration of these endogenous structures into great families of different scale, age and depth ring structures. It is shown that this global process is based on the plume-tectonics.

geological environment, pipe formation, defluidization, diatremes, karst wells, ring structures, plume-tectonics

REFERENCES
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47. Pokhilenko, N.P. “A 3 Billon Years Long Diamond Road,” Nauka Perv. Ruk, 2007, vol. 4, no. 16.

SPECIFIC ROOF BEHAVIOR IN THE SOUTHERN WING OF THE UPPER KAMA POTASH SALT DEPOSIT
V. A. Asanov, V. N. Toksarov, A. V. Evseev, and N. L. Bel’tyukov

The authors consider a number of geomechanical monitoring methods for the underworked salt rock behavior, including visual control of its specific structural features, measurement of displacements using contour and depth reference points, and assessment of stresses in the surrounding rock mass. It is proposed to assess stresses in salt rocks using long spacing measurement methods without modeling-based recovery of stresses from measured strains if possible.

salt rocks, structural peculiarities, control methods, strain, stress

REFERENCES
1. Toksarov, V.N., Asanov, V.A., and Evseev, A.V., “Investigation into Rock Pressure Manifestations in Mining Sylvinite Beds,” Geol. Geophys. Razr. Neft. Gaz. Mest., 2009, no. 10.
2. Boreiko, F.I. and Chernikov, A.K., O nekotorykh osobennostyakh primeneniya metodov razgruzki na solyanykh mestorozhdeniyah (Peculiarities of Unloading at Salt Deposits), Novosibirsk: IGD SO RAN, 1972.
3. Asanov, V.A., Toksarov, V.E., Evseev, A.V. et al., “Experience in Studying the Acoustic Emission Effects of Memory in Salt Rocks by Using Goodman’s Downhole Hydric Jack,” Gorn. Inform.-Analit. Byull., 2010, no. 10.
4. Lavrov, A.V., Shkuratnik, V.L., and Filippov, Yu.L., Akustoemissionny effekt pamyati v gornykh porodakh (Acoustic Emission Effect of Memory in Rocks), Moscow: MGTU, 2004.

ROCK FAILURE

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SHOCK-WAVE PROCESSES IN ELASTIC MEDIA AND STRUCTURES. PART I: SOLVING METHOD AND ALGORITHMS
М. V. Ayzenberg-Stepanenko, G. G. Osharovich, Е. N. Sher, and Z. Sh. Yanovitskaya

Finite-difference algorithms for solving non-stationary wave problems are presented, which allow to obtain the description of fronts and front zones with a minimal influence of spurious effects of numerical approximation. The principal condition of the construction of calculation algorithms is the convergence of domains of dependence of continual and difference equations. It is shown that the fulfillment of this condition provides a maximally exact wave fronts description. Numerical solutions of several one-dimensional and two-dimensional wave problems are presented. In the second part of the paper, we will give examples of numerical simulation of applied problems of structure dynamics and geodynamics – impact driving of piles into the soil, formation of pendulum waves in a block massif, stress state of a homogeneous massif in the zone of interaction with a punch, fracture of a layered solid under the action of a local pulse, and high-speed penetration of a layered target.

dynamics of elastic media and structures, shock-pulse loading, numerical simulation, numerical dispersion minimization, stress jumps calculation

REFERENCES
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8. Samarsky, A.A and Popov, Yu.P., Raznostnye metody resheniya zadach gazovoi dinamiki (Difference Methods of Solving Gas Dynamics Problems), 3rd Ed., Moscow: Fizmatgiz, 1992.
9. Stepanenko, M.V., “A Method of Calculating Non-Stationary Pulsed Deformation Processes in Elastic Structures,” Sov. Mining Sci., 1976, no. 2.
10. Stepanenko, M.V., “Dynamics of the Fracture of Unidirectional Fiberglass,” J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys., 1979, no. 4.
12. Gordienko, V.I., Kubenko, V.D., and Stepanenko, M.V., “Effect of a Nonstationary Internal Wave on an Elastic Cylindrical Shell,” Sov. Appl. Mech., 1981, no. 3.
13. Makarenko, A.S. and Moskal’kov, M.N., “Accuracy and Dispersion of Difference Schemes,” USSR Comp. Maths Math. Phys., 1983, vol. 24, no. 4.
14. Mukhin, S.I., Popov, S.B., and Popov, Yu.P., “On Difference Schemes with Artificial Dispersion,” USSR Comp. Maths Math. Phys., 1983, vol. 24, no. 6.
15. Abdukadyrov, S.A., Pinchukova, N.I., and Stepanenko, M.V., “A Numerical Approach to Solving Dynamic Equations of Elastic Media and Structures,” Sov. Mining Sci., 1984, no. 6.
16. Belov, A.I., Kornilo, V.A., Pinchukova, N.I., and Stepanenko, M.V., “Reaction of Three-Layer Hydroelastic Cylindrical Envelope on the Effect of Axisymmetric Internal Explosion,” J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys., 1986, no. 1.
17. Stepanenko, M.V. and Tsareva, O.V., “Evolution of Shock Pulse Propagated through a Composite Elastic System,” Sov. Mining Sci., 1987, vol. 24, no. 3.
18. Stepanenko, M.V., Sher, E.N., and Tkach, H.B., “On Damping of Shock Vibrations in Composite Rods under Impact,” in Rasprostranenie voln v uprugikh i plastoicheskikh sredakh (Wave Propagation in Elastic and Plastic Media), Novosibirsk, IGD SO AN SSSR, 1987.
19. Holberg, O., “Calculational Aspects of the Choice of Operator and Sampling Interval for Numerical Differentiation in Large-Scale Simulation of Wave Phenomena,” Geoph. Prosp., 1987, vol. 35, no. 6.
20. Stepanenko, M.V., “Numerical Dispersion Minimization Method in Finite-Difference Solving of Non-Stationary Elastic Problems,” Chisl. Met. Resh. Zadach Uprug. Plastich. 1988, no. 10.
21. Abdukadyrov, S.A., Kurmanaliev, K.K., and Stepanenko, M.V., “Dynamic Stresses on the Boundary of Rigid Inclusions Embedded in Rock Massif,” Sov. Mining Sci., 1988, no. 5.
22. Abdukadyrov, S.A., Aleksandrova, N.I., and Stepanenko, M.V., “Non-Stationary Diffraction of a Plane Longitudinal Wave on an Elastic Cylindrical Shell,” Mechanics of Solids, 1989, no. 5.
23. Smirnov, A.L., “Calculation of the Impact Driving of Piles into Soil,” Sov. Mining Sci., 1989, no. 4.
24. Slepyan, L.I. and Ayzenberg-Stepanenko, M.V., “Superplastic Protective Structures,” in: Progress in Industrial Mathematics at ECMI 96, Stuttgart: Teubner, 1997.
25. Aleksandrova, N.I. and Sher, E.N., “Dynamics of Development of Fracture Zone in Elasto-Plastic Medium at a Camouflet Blasting of a Constricted Charge,” J. Mining Sci., 1997, no. 6.
26. Aleksandrova, N.I. and Sher, E.N., “Accounting for Sample Dynamics in Tests on a Composite Hopkinson Rod,” J. Mining Sci., 1998, no. 4.
27. Slepyan, L. and Ayzenberg-Stepanenko, M., “Penetration of Metal-Fabric Composite Targets by Small Projectiles,” in Personal Armour Systems. British Crow Copyright/MOD, Colchester, UK, 1998.
28. Ayzenberg-Stepanenko, M.V., “Wave Propagation and Fracture in Elastic Lattices and Directional Composites,” in Personal Armour Systems, British Crow Copyright/MOD, Colchester, UK, 1998.
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30. Aleksandrova, N.I. and Sher, E.N., “Dynamics of Fracture Zones Development at a Concentrated Charge Explosion in a Brittle Medium,” J. Mining Sci., 2000, no. 5.
31. Aleksandrova, N.I., Serdyukov, S.V., and Sher, E.N., “Calculation of Fluid Motion in an Oil Well under the Action of Gun-Powder Gas Generator,” J. Mining Sci., 2002, no. 4.
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34. Kubenko, V.D. and Ayzenberg-Stepanenko, M.V., “Impact Indentation of a Rigid Body into Elastic Layer. Analytical and Numerical Approaches,” J. Math. Sci., 2009, no. 1.
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DISCRETE ELEMENT MODELING OF ROCK FAILURE DYNAMICS
G. N. Khan

The discrete element method is employed to study rapid failure of a test rock specimen under cylindrical tensile wave effect. The author proves the effect exerted by the mechanical characteristics of rocks and the boundary conditions of the problem on the length and shape of fractures, and compares the experimental evidence with the calculation data.

discrete element method, cylindrical tensile wave, rock, failure, fracture

REFERENCES
1. Tertsagi, K., Teoriya mekhaniki gruntov (Soil Mechanics Theory), Moscow: Liter. Stroit., Arkhit., Stroimat., 1961.
2. Revuzhenko, A.F., Stazhevsky, S.B., and Shemyakin, E.I., “Structure-Dilatancy Strength of Rocks,” DAN SSSR, 1989, vol. 305, no. 5.
3. Sadovsky, M.A., Geofizika i fizika vzryva (Geophysics and Physics of Blasting), Moscow: Nauka, 2004.
4. Gol’din, S.V., “Dilatancy, Repacking, and Earthquakes,” Fizika Zemli, 2004, no. 10.
5. Bulychev, N.S., Mekhanika podzemnykh sooruzheniy (Underground Construction Mechanics), Moscow: Nedra, 1982.
6. Cundall, P.A. and Strack, O. D. L., A discrete Numerical Model for Granular Assemblies, Geotechnique, 1979, vol. 29.
7. Hockney, R.W. and Eastwood, J.W., Computing Simulation Using Particles, New York: McGraw Hill, 1987.
8. Khan, G.N., “Asymmetric Mode of Rock Failure in the Vicinity of a Void,” Fiz. Mezomekh., 2008, vol. 11, no. 1.
9. Khan, G.N., “The Discrete Element Method in Solving Rock Mechanics Problems Dealing with Fracturing and Strain Localization,” Proc. IV Research Conf. Science-Intensive Mining and Mineral Processing Technologies, Novosibirsk: IGD SO RAN, 2005.
10. Krivtsov, A.M., “Particle Method for Investigation into Sphere Failure under Action of Spherical Tensile Wave,” Problemy mekhaniki deformiruemogo tverdogo tela (Problems of Mechanics of a Deformed Solid), Stain Petersburg: SPbGU, 2002.
11. Storozhev, M.V. and Popov, E.A., Teoriya obrabotki metallov davleniev (Theory for Metal Forming), Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1971.
12. Zischinsky, U., “Effects of Rock Bolts in Tunneling. Anchor in Theory and Practice,” Proc. Int. Symp. Anchors in Theory and Practice, Widmann (Ed.), Rotterdam: Balkema, 1995.

GRAIN SIZE COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION IN DRILL CUTTINGS IN THE ELECTRIC IMPULSE DESTRUCTION OF ROCKS
V. F. Vazhov, S. Yu. Datskevich, M. Yu. Zhurkov, V. M. Muratov, and S. Ya. Ryabchikov

The present studies into the granularity and grain size distribution in drill cuttings after electric impulse destruction of rocks show that the grain size composition and distribution are mostly affected by the interelectrode spacing, energy deposition in the discharge channel and rock strength. The increase in the spacing and strength of rocks raises the share of coarse fraction, while the greater energy deposition results in the higher share of fine fraction.

electric impulse drilling, rocks, strength, failure, drill cuttings, interelectrode spacing, energy deposition

REFERENCES
1. Semkin, B.V., Usov, Yu.F., and Kurets, V.I., Osnovy elektroimpul’snogo razrusheniya materialov (Fundamentals of Electro-Impulse Material Disintegration), Saint Petersburg: Nauka, 1995.
2. Kovalenko, N.E., Alekseev, A.D., Strel’tsov, V.A., Skomorokhov, V.M., and Belova, N.V., Fiziko-tekhnicheskie osnovy ochistki stvolov bol’shogo diametra pri elektro-vzryvnoi prokladke (Physico-Technological Principles of Cleaning Large-Diameter Shafts in Electro-Blasting Sinking), Donetsk: FTI AN SSSR, 1989.
3. RF State Standard no 27593–88 (2005). Pochvy. Trebovaniya i opredeleniya (Soils. Requirements and Definitions).
4. Kulichikhin, N.I. and Vozdvizhensky, B.I., Razvedochnoe burenie (Exploration Drilling), Moscow: Nedra, 1973.
5. Sulakshin, S.S., Razrushenie gornykh porod pri burenii skvazhin (Rock Fracture in Hole Drilling), Tomsk: TPU, 2009.
6. Kurets, V.I., Usov, A.F., and Tsukerman, V.A., Elektroimpul’snaya dezintegratsiya materialov (Electro-Impulse Disintegration of Materials), Apatity: KNTs RAN, 2002.

TURBO-BLASTING WITH LINEAR PRIMING FOR THE DESIGN POSITION RESET OF BENCH BOTTOM
S. V. Muchnik

Based on the description of the commercial test results, it is shown that the turbo-blasting with linear priming of granular explosive charges allows resetting the blasting-raised bench bottom to the design position within a single cycle of drilling-and-blasting and with the decreased powder factor.

open pit mine, bench bottom, explosion, charge design, linear priming, turbo-blasting

REFERENCES
1. Muchnik, S.V., “Turbo-Blasting of Bore-Hole Explosive Charges in Open-Pit Mines,” Journal of Mining Science, 2002, 38, no. 5, pp. 470—472.
2. Muchnik, S.V., “Turbo-Blasting for Blow Energy Redistribution Heightwise a Bench,” Gorny Zh., 2003, no. 6.
3. Muchnik, S.V., “Higher Efficiency of the Direct OB Dumping with Turbo-Blasting,” Ugol, 2001, no. 12.
4. Dubynin, N.G. and Kovalenko, V.A., Teoreticheskie osnovy provedeniya gornykh vyrabotok (Theoretical Foundations of Roadheading), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1992.
5. Kalyakin, A.S. and Grek, V.A., “Modern State of Blasting and Prospects for Safety Explosives,” in Proc. Sci.-Tech. Conf. Blasting in the Ukraine. State-of-the-Art, Problems, Development Prospects, Kiev: KGPU, 2006.
6. Muchnik, S.V., “Increase Effect of Rock Shattering with Turbo-Blasting,” in Proc. Conf. Fundamental Problems in the Formation of Geo-Environment, vol. 2, Novosibirsk: IGD SO RAN, 2010.
7. Muchnik, S.V., “Separate Estimation Method for Heats Produced by Detonation and Deflagration of Commercial Explosives and Its Application to Turbo-Blast Planning,” in Proc. Intern. Sci.-Tech. Conf. Problems of Advanced Scientific and Technical Progress in Mining, Moscow: NNTs GP — A. A. Skochinsky IGD, 2003.

MINERAL MINING TECHNOLOGY

SELECTION OF DEEP LEVEL GEOTECHNOLOGY IN TERMS OF THE VOSTOK-2 OREBODY
I. Yu. Rasskazov, G. A. Kursakin, A. M. Freidin, and M. I. Potapchuk

The geomechanical state of the Vostok-2 tungsten orebody has been described. Numerical modeling has been used to characterize stresses in ore and rocks at different stages of extraction. Finally, the authors estimate stability of structural elements of the mining system alternatives used at the deep levels in the mine.

stress-strain state, rockburst hazard, numerical modeling, stope, mining system, pillars, stability

REFERENCES
1. Stepanov, G.N., Mineralogiya, petrografiya i genezis skarnovo-sheelito-sul’fidnykh mestorozhdeniy Dal’nego Vostoka (Mineralogy, Petrography and Genesis of Skarn-Scheelite-Sulfide Deposits in the Far East), Moscow: Nauka, 1977.
2. Freidin, A.M., Shalaurov, V.A., Eremenko, A.A. et al., Povyshenie effektivnosti podzemnoy otrabotki rudnykh mestorozhdeniy Sibiri i Dal’nego Vostoka (Enhanced Underground Production in the Siberia and Far East Orebodies), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1992.
3. Rasskazov, I.Yu., Kontrol’ i upravlenie gornym davleniem na rudnikakh Dal’nevistochnogo regiona (Ground Control in the Mines in the Far East), Moscow: Gornaya Kniga, 2008.
4. Baryshnikov, V.D., Kurlenya, M.V., Leont’ev, A.V. et al., “Stress-Strain State of the Nikolaev Deposit,” Journal of Mining Science, 1982, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 89—96.
5. Pilenkov, Yu.Yu., “Shock Capacity of the “Southern” Polymetallic Deposit in Primor’e,” Journal of Mining Science, 1995, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 87—96.
6. Rasskazov, I.Yu., “Numerical Modeling of Current In Situ Stresses at the Junction of Central-Asian and Pacific Belts,” Tikhookean. Geolog., 2006, vol. 25, no. 5.
7. Khanchuk, A.I. (Ed.), Geodinamika, magmatizm i metallogeniya Vostoka Rossii (Geodynamics, Magmatism, and Metallogeny in the East of Russia), Vladivostok: Dal’nauka, 2006.
8. Fadeev, A.B., Metod konechnykh elementov v geomekhanike (Finite-Element Method in Geomechanics), Moscow: Nedra, 1987.
9. Zoteev, O.V., “Numerical Modeling of Stress-Strain State in Rocks,” Izv. Vuzov, Gorny Zh., 2003, no. 5.
10. Kazikaev, D.M., Geomekhanika podzemnoy razrabotki rud (Underground Ore Mining Geomechanics), Moscow: MGGU, 2009.
11. Freidin, A.M., Neverov, S.A., Neverov, A.A., and Filippov, P.A., “Mine Stability with Application of Block Caving Schemes,” Journal of Mining Science, 2008, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 82—91.

POST-MINING SOLUTIONS FOR NATURAL STONE QUARRIES
M. Lintukangas, A. Suihkonen, P. Salomäki, and O. Selonen

After-use solutions for natural stone quarries were studied for planning possible ways of using an abandoned (some other word might be better) quarry area. Characteristics of a natural stone quarry include physically stable quarry faces and benches created by quarrying, a water pond at the bottom of the quarry, and piles of leftover stone material. These features can be utilized as central elements in the quarry after-use. Scuba diving, climbing, and forestry are traditional and affordable after-use alternatives, while fish or crab farming, rock building, storing, and amusement parks are more challenging solutions. The quarry can also be used for culture, learning, and research purposes.

quarry after-use, natural stone quarry, dimension stone, granite, Finland

REFERENCES
1. Kaliampakos, D.C. and Mavrikos, A.A., “Introducing a New Aspect in Marble Quarry Rehabilitation in Greece,” Environ. Geol., 2006, no. 50.
2. Pearman, G., 101 Things to Do with a Hole in the Ground, Cornwall: Post-Mining Alliance, Eden Project, 2009.
3. Selonen, O. and Härmä, P., Stone Resources and Distribution: Finland, in Nordic Stone, Geological Science Series, Selonen, O. and Suominen, V. (Eds.), Paris: Unesco publishing, 2003.
4. Shekov, V.A., Pääkkönen, K., and Luodes, H, “The Mining Industry of Finland. Facing Stone,” Mineral. Resur. Ross., 2007.
5. Bertoni, G. and Obis, J., “Quarries and Processing Plants,” in Environmental Friendly Practices for Natural Stone Exploitation, Dieb, A., Bonito, N., and Paspaliaris, I., (Eds.), Athens: OSNET Editions, NTUA, 2004, vol. 12.
6. Ashmole, I. and Motloung, M., “Reclamation and Environmental Management in Dimension Stone Mining,” in Challenges, Technology, Systems and Solutions Papers, Proc. Int. Conf. Surface Mining, Johannesburg: The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2008.
7. Heikkinen, P.M., Nora, P., Salminen, R., Mroueh, U.-M., Vahanne, P., Wahlström, M., Kaartinen, T., Juvankoski, M., Vestola, E., Mäkelä, E., Leino, T., Kosonen, M., Hatakka, T., Jarva, J., Kauppila, T., Leveinen, J., Lintinen, P., Suomela, P., Pöyry, H., Vallius, P., Nevalainen, J., Tolla, P., and Komppa, V., Mine Closure Handbook, Espoo: GTK, VTT, Outokumpu, Finnish Road Enterprise, Soil and Water Ltd, 2008.
8. Dias, J., Bonito, N., and Obis, J., “Corrective and Preventive Measures,” in Environmental Friendly Practices for Natural Stone Exploitation, Dieb, A., Bonito, N., and Paspaliaris, I., (Eds.), Athens: OSNET Editions, NTUA, 2004, vol. 12.
9. Selonen, O. and Ramsay, A., “Rehabilitation of Natural Stone Quarries,” Online J. Stoneroc, www.stoneroc.com, Cited November, 2005 
10. Lazi, K., “Environmental vs Economical Benefits,” in Environmental Friendly Practices for Natural Stone Exploitation, Dieb, A., Bonito, N., and Paspaliaris, I., (Eds.), Athens: OSNET Editions, NTUA, 2004, vol. 12.
11. Obis, J. and Dias, J., “Case Studies,” in Environmental Friendly Practices for Natural Stone Exploitation, Dieb, A., Bonito, N., and Paspaliaris, I., (Eds.), Athens: OSNET Editions, NTUA, 2004, vol. 12.
12. Selonen, O., “Requisites for Natural Stone,” in Nordic Stone, Geological Science Series, Selonen, O. and Suominen, V., (Eds.), Paris: Unesco publishing, 2003.
13. Härmä, P., Luodes, H., and Selonen, O., “Regional Explorations of Natural Stone in Finland,” in Problems in the Rational Use of Natural and Technogenic Raw Materials from the Barents Region in Construction and Technical Material Technology, Proc. Second Int. Conf., Petrozavodsk: Karelian Research Center, Institute of Geology, 2005.
14. Selonen, O., “Finnish Granite Quarrying,” in Workshop on Building Stones, Kuula-Väisänen, P., and Uusinoka, R., (Eds.), Helsinki: Tampere University of Technology, Laboratory of Engineering Geology, Report 56, 2003.
15. Heldal, T. and Arvanitides, N., “Quarrying Methods and Techniques,” in Dimension Stone Quarrying in Europe and Stability of Quarrying Operations, Terezopoulos, N. and Paspaliaris, I., (Eds.), Athens: OSNET Editions, NTUA, 2003, vol. 2.
16. Lintukangas, M. and Suihkonen, A., “The After Use of Natural Stone Quarries,” Bachelor?s Thesis in Environmental, Planning Lahti University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Technology, 2009.
17. Eklund, O., Väisänen, M., Ehlers, C., Kosunen, P., Kurhila, M., Lehtinen, M., and Sorjonen-Ward, P., “100 Years of Migmatite,” in Sederholms Footsteps: 33 IGC Excursion, no. 16, Proc. 33rd Int. Geology Congress, Oslo: Turku, 2008.
18. Gravesen, P. and Andersen, S. (Ed.), “Geologisk Set: Bornholm,” in Beskrivelse af omrader af national geologisk intresse (Description of Localities with National Geological Significance), Geografforlaget, Brenderup, og Miljoministeriet, Skov- og Naturstyrelsen (In Danish with English summary), 1996, p. 208.
19. Salminen, J.” Insect Monitoring of Xerothermic Habitats,” in Metsähallituksen Luonnonsuojelujulkaisuja Series A 172 (In Finnish with English abstract), Metsähallitus Natural Heritage Servises, 2007, p. 181.
20. Loock, J., Sten-, Mineral- Och Lerindustri i Jämtlands Län, in Serie: Kulturmiljöer i Jämtlands Län, Länsstyrelsen Jämtlands län Kulturmiljö, 2004.
21. Heldal, T. and Selonen, O., “History and Heritage,” in Nordic Stone, Selonen, O. and Suominen, V., (Eds.), Paris: Unesco publishing, 2003.
22. Hyslop, E., McMillan, A., and Maxwell, I., “Stone in Scotland,” in Earth Science Series, Paris: Unesco publishing, 2003.
23. Kaliampakos, D.C. and Mavrikos, A.A., “Introducing a New Aspect in Marble Quarry Rehabilitation in Greece,” Environ. Geol., 2006, no. 50.
25. Degryse, P., “The Sagalassos Quarry Landscape: Bringing Quarries in Context,” Quarryscapes Report, Deliverable no. 3, 2007.
25. Lampinen, T., Ylämaa spectrolite—the Impulse for Jewellery Education and for the International Development of the Jewelley Area in Southeast Finland, Report, Handmade project, IFES, 2006.
26. Asikainen, K. and Brotkin, E., “Animation and Visualisation as Tools in Presenting After-Use Solutions for Natural Stone Quarries,” Project deliverable, Faculty of Technology, Lahti University of Applied Sciences, 2009.

ANALYSIS OF GEOMECHANICAL CHANGES IN HANGING WALL CAUSED BY LONGWALL MULTI TOP CAVING IN COAL MINING
J. Likar, M. Medved, M. Lenart, J. Mayer, V. Malenković, G. Jeromel, and E. Dervarič

The method of sublevel coal extraction requires multi caving of the hanging wall layers, which are recompressed, and where each represent a hanging wall in sublevel stoping. Extensive stress and deformation changes in the surrounding area and in the mine represent a safety hazard for employees since the supporting system in the mine roadway could collapse. By accepting geomechanical principals in following caving processes in underground coal mining with the Velenje mining method in above ground acquisition, there are mutual connections made, between the geomechanical parameters of the occurring geological materials in connection with the intensity of coal mining. A numerical model, which allows for in-depth analyses of the geomechanical processes which occur in the hanging wall, the footwall, and in the coal seam during sublevel coal excavation, is broadly applicable and highly relevant for analyzing the intensity and the level of caving processes in sublevel coal mining, and for making realistic plans for coal excavation with worker safety in mind.

: Velenje mining method, Geomechanical measurement, Finite Difference Method, Mathematical model, FLAC 3D

REFERENCES
1. Brady, B. H. G. and Brown, E.T., “Rock Mechanics for Underground Mining,” George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, 1985.
2. Choi, D.S. and McCain, D.L., “Design of Longwall Systems,” Trans. Soc. Min. Eng. AIME, 1980, vol. 268.
3. Itasca Consulting Group, Inc., “Flac 3D—Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3 Dimensions, Version 3.0,” User’s Guide, Minneapolis, 2005.
4. Jeromel, G., “Numerical Simulation of Top Caving Processes in Coal Mining,” Diploma Thesis, Ljubljana, 2004.
5. Jeromel, G., “Constitutive Model of Multiple Hanging Wall Caving in Underground Coal Mining,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 2010.
6. King, H.J. and Whittaker, B.N., “A Review of Current Knowledge on Roadway Behavior, Especially the Problems on Which Further Information is Required,” Proc. Symp. Strata Control in Roadways, Inst. Min. Met., 1971.
7. Kočar, F. et al., “Design Criteria for Safety Longwall Coal Mining below Groundwater Layers in Velenje Coal Mine,” Velenje, 1987.
8. Lenart, M. et al., “Velenje Mining Method Mining Design—Velenje Coal Mine,” Project no: RP—36/95 LM, Velenje Coal Mine, Velenje, 1996.
9. Likar, J. et al., “3-D Numerical Analysis of Top Caving Processes in Different Geological Geotechnical Mining Conditions,” Resource Project, Velenje Coal Mine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 2007.
10. Mark, C., “Pillar Design Methods for Longwall Mining,” Bureau of Mines IC 9247, Washington, 1990.
11. Trueman, R., “Finite Element Analysis for the Establishment of Stress Development in a Coal Mine Caved Waste,” Min. Sci. Technol., 1990.
12. Wilson, A.H., “Stress, Stability in Coal Ribsides and Pillars,” Proc. 1st Conf. Ground Control in Mining, 1981.
13. Yavuz, H., “An Estimation Method for Cover Pressure Re-Establishment Distance and Pressure Distribution in the Goaf of Longwall Coal Mines,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2004, vol. 41.
14. Vakili, A. and Hebblewhite, B.K., “A New Cavabilty Assessment Criterion for Longwall Top Caving,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2010, vol. 47, no. 8.
15. Saeedi, G., Shahriar, K., Rezai, B., and Kapruz, C., Numerical Modeling of Out-of-Seam Dilution in Longwall Retreat Mining,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2010, vol. 47, no. 4.
16. Sovič, N., Vižintin, G., Lapajne, S., and Veselič, M., “Hydrological Effect on the Chemical Status of Groundwater,” Acta Chim., 2007, vol. 5.
17. Vižintin, G., Souvent, P., Veselič, M., and Čenčur Curk, B., “Determination of Urban Groundwater P-llution in Alluvial Aquifer Using Linked Process Models Considering Urban Water Cycle,” J. Hydrol. (Amst.), 2009, vol. 377.
18. Uhan, J., Vižintin, G., and Pezdič, J., “Groundwater Nitrate Vulnerability Assessment in Alluvial Aquifer Using Process-Based Models and Weights-of-Evidence Method: Lower Savinja Valley Case Study (Slovenia),” Environmental Earth Sciences, 2010, vol. 9.

COMPARISON OF EXISTING OPEN COAL MINING METHODS IN SOME COUNTRIES OVER THE WORLD AND IN EUROPE
M. Hummel

Comparison of existing mining methods on open coal mines in some countries over the world and in Europe evidence how different technology is in given areas. In Czech Republic (CR) so as in Germany and other countries of Europe the Bucket Wheel Excavators are used as the predominant technology. In Australia and USA the Draglines or Truck and Shovels are most common. In this paper the attempt is made to compare these technologies from the point of view of geological conditions and try to find out if it would be profitable accept oversea technology in CR and other Europe countries.

surface mine, opencast mining equipment, wheel bucket excavator, remote band conveyor

REFERENCES
1. Scott, B., Ranjith, P.G., Choi*, S.K., and Khandelwal, M., “A Review on Existing Opencast Coal Mining Methods within Australia,” Journal of Mining Science, 2010, vol. 46, no. 3.
2. Westcott, P., “Dragline or Truck/Shovel?” Some Technical and Business Considerations, University of New South Wales, Mitsubishi Development Pty Ltd, 2004.
3. Dopita, M. et al., “Deposits of Fossil Fuel,” SNTL Prague and Alfa Bratislava CR, 1985.
4. Kenedy, A.B. et al., “Surface Mining,” Society for Mining Metallurgy and Exploration, Inc. 1990.
5. Burt, C., Caccetta, L., Hill, S., and Welgama, P., “Models for Mining Equipment Selection,” Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia, 2002.
6. CSIRO, Dragline Simulator Launches onto World Stage with Strong Support (2006). [Online available at: http://www.cat.csiro.au/cmst/automation/projects/dragline.php].
7. Immersive Technologies, Dragline Simulator Launches onto World Stage with Strong Support (2006). [Online available at: http://www.immersivetechnologies.com/news/news/ 2005/news_2005_13.htm].
8. Lat, J., “Elements of Mining of Deposits,” Text Book, Technical University Ostrava, 1985.
9. Gresch, W. and Gawinski, M., “Belt Conveyor Improvements for Minerals Extraction: Eastern European Lignite and North American Stone,” Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Continuous Surface Mining, Technical University of Freiberg, Germany, 2001.
10. Tapsiev, A.P., Anushenkov, A.N., Uskov, V.A., Artemenko, Yu.V., and Pliev, B.Z., “Improvement in Productivity of Surface Stowing Facilities for Mines of the Transpolar Branch of the Norilsk Nickel Joint-Stock Company,” Journal of Mining Science, 2010, vol. 46, no. 3.
11. Bártek, P., “Macroeconomic View of Contemporary State Mining Industry CR,” Seminar Coal—Mining in CR. Institute for Public Discussion (2010). [Online available at: http://www.ivd.cz/cs/energeticka_bezpecnost_cr/tezba_uhli_cr_alternativy_budouciho_vyvoje].
12. Stavinoha, J., “Comparison of Some Parameters of Coal Open Pit in the U.S. and ČR,” Keramický Zpravodaj, 201, no. 4, Praha, Czech Republic.

RAW MATERIAL HOMOGENIZATION PRODUCTION PLAN IN MULTIPLE QUARRIES—SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENT: CEMENT RAW MATERIAL CLAY PIT SAMPLE
D. Karakus

Up-to-date solution algorithms, which are used to determine optimum production sequences and ultimate pit limits are discussed. These private solutions for quarries might be inadequate for different mining areas. Optimization solutions that are offered for quarries in raw material preparation process within constraints, which are determined by mixing raw material that were produced from different quarries such as cement production, fall short, instead these are replaced by trial and error methods that are made for main constraints. In this study, production sequence homogenization study for limestone that belongs to a cement factory and clinker production from two clay pits were presented, slope stability assessment was also made. As a result of these studies, a planning process based on production amounts, distances, chemical content of clinker and slope safety constraints was developed.

cement raw materials, mine planning, production scheduling, slope stability

REFERENCES
1. Miller, B.L., “Practical Value of Economic Geology in the Manufacture of Cement” Pit&Quarry, April, 1934.
2. Luster, R., “Raw Materials for Portland Cement: Applications of Conditional Simulation of Coregionalization,” Ph.D. Dissertation, 1985 
3. Asad, M. W. A., “Multi-Period Quarry Production Planning through Sequencing Techniques and Sequencing Algorithm” Journal of Mining Science, 2008, vol. 44, no. 2.
4. Baumgartner, W., “Latest Innovations in Quarry Design and Management,” International Cement Review, 1989.
5. Baumgartner, W. and Honerkamp, M., “Quarry Engineering Design, a Further Step in Computerized Raw Materials Management,” International Cement Review, 1992.
6. Asad, M. W. A., “Development of Optimum Blend/Minimum Cost Scheduling Algorithm for Cement Quarry Operations,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado School of Mines, 2001.
7. Lerchs, H. and Grossman, I.F., “Optimum Design of Open Pit Mines,” CIM Bulletin, 1965, vol. 58, no. 633.
8. Pana, M.T., “The Simulation Approach to Open Pit Design,” 5th APCOM, 1965.
9. Eraslan, K., Celebi, N., and Pasamehmetoglu, A., “Ac?k Ocak S?n?rlar?n?n Uretim Plan?n?n Bir Fonksiyonu Olarak Simulatif Optimizasyonu” 16th Mining Congress of Turkey, 1999.
10. Meyer, M., “Applying Linear Programming to the Design of Ultimate Pit Limits,” Management Science, 1969, vol. 16, no. 2.
11. Yegulalp, T.M. and Arias, J.A., “A Fast Algorithm to Solve the Ultimate Pit Problem,” 23rd APCOM, SM, Colorado, 1992. 12. Oran, S., “Research Report of Clay Raw Materials of Batisoke Inc.,” Doganer Mining, 1998.
13. Onur, A.H., Konak, G., and Karakus, D., “Limestone Quarry Quality Optimization for a Cement Factory in Turkey,” J. South. African Inst. Mining&Metallurgy, 2008, vol. 108.

MINERAL DRESSING

QUANTUM-CHEMICAL METHOD FOR SELECTION OF. A. COLLECTING AGENT TO RECOVER ZINC AND COPPER (II) CATIONS IN FLOTATION OF MINE WASTE WATERS
N. L. Medyanik, V. A. Chanturia, and I. V. Shadrunova

The authors set forth the well-grounded selection of effective agents: terephthalic esters, distinguished for the optimal set of quantum-chemical parameters of the agent reactivity to recover zinc and copper (II) from the process waste water, propose a new-developed complex collecting agent ROL and report the investigation into the mechanism for recovery of zinc and copper (II) by this agent. The resource-renewable process flow sheet is proposed to treat mine-and-processing waste waters, rich in copper and zinc content to produce a concentrated product.

process waste water, quantum chemical parameters, ion flotation, renewable resource technology

REFERENCES
1. Chanturia, V.A., Medyanik, N.L., and Shadrunova, I.V., “Development of Promising Agents for Flotation Recovery of Zinc and Copper (II) Ions from Mine and Waste Waters,” Tsv. Met., 2011, no. 6.
2. Akhmetov, R.M. and Abdrakhmanov, R.F., “Heavy Metals and Radioactive Elements in South Ural and Predural Mine Wastes,” Ezhegodny Geol. Sbornik, 2009, no. 8.
3. Chanturia, V.A., Shadrunova, I.V., Medyanik, N.L., and Mishurina, O.A., “Electric Flotation Extraction of Manganese from Hydromineral Wastes at Yellow Copper Deposits in the South Ural,” Journal of Mining Science, 2010, no. 3.
4. Medyanik, N.L., Kalugina, N.L., Varlamova, I.A., and Strokan, A.M., “Prediction of Agent Properties Based on their Quantum Chemical Descriptors,” IZV VUZov, Gorny Zh., 2011, no. 3.
5. Shadrunova, I.V., Medyanik, N.L., Varlamova, I.A., and Kalugina, N.L., “Forecasting of Reagent Properties by Their Quantum-Chemical Descriptors,” The XIV Balcan Mineral Processing Congress, Tuzla, 2011.
6. Medyanik, N.L., “Investigation into Products of Interaction of ROL Agent with Zinc and Copper (II) Ions by IR-Fourier and Mass Spectroscopy,” Vestnik Magnitogorsk Gos. Tech. Univer. Im. G. I. Nosov., 2010, vol. 32, no. 4.

THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MINERAL BENEFICIATION AND MULTIPURPOSE UTILIZATION
A. A. Abramov

The article focuses on reviewing the theory and practice of theoretical advancement of the selective mineral dissociation during preparation, mineral separation and phase immiscibility. On this basis, the author highlights the evolutionary courses toward innovative technologies for the multipurpose and ecology friendly mineral utilization.

crushing, grinding, screening, magnetic separation, flotation

REFERENCES
1. Abramov, A.A., Pererabotka, obogashchenie i kompleksnoe ispol’zovanie tverdykh poleznykh iskopaemykh (Mineral Processing, Beneficiation and Multipurpose Utilization), Two Volumes, Moscow: MGGU, 2003—2004.
2. Abramov, A.A., Tekhnologiya pererabotki i obogashcheniya rud tsvetnykh metallov (Practice of Processing and Beneficiation of Base Metal Ores), vol. II, Moscow: MGGU, 2005.
3. Chanturia, V.A., “Prospects for Sustained Development of Mining and Processing Industry in Russia,” in Progressivnye tekhnologii kompleksnoy pererabotki mineral’nogo syr’ya (Advanced Technologies of the Integrated Mineral Utilization), Moscow: Ruda Metally, 2007.
4. Progressivnye tekhnologii kompleksnoy pererabotki mineral’nogo syr’ya (Advanced Technologies of the Integrated Mineral Utilization), Moscow: Ruda Metally, 2007.
5. Revnivtsev, V.I., “We Really Need Revolution in Comminution,” Proc 16th IMPC, Part A., E. Forssberg (Ed.), Stockholm: Elsevier, 1988.
6. Goncharov, S.A., Fiziko-tekhnicheskie osnovy resursosberezheniya pri razrushenii gornykh porod (Physico-Technical Basis of the Resource Saving during Rock Fracture), Moscow: MGGU, 2007.
7. Vaisberg, L.A., Kartavyi, A.N., And Korovnikov, A.N., Proseivayushchie poverkhnosti grokhotov. Konstruktsii, materialy, opyt primeneniya (Clothing of Screens. Designs, Materials, Experience), Saint Petersburg: VSEGEI, 2005.
8. Kizel’vater, B.V., Teoreticheskie osnovy gravitatsionnykh metodov obogashcheniya (Theoretical Basis of the Gravity Beneficiation Techniques), Moscow: Nedra, 1979.
9. Bogdanovich, A.V. and Fedotov, K.V., “Means and Methods of Gravity Beneficiation of Sands and Fine-Dissiminated Ore,” in Progressivnye tekhnologii kompleksnoy pererabotki mineral’nogo syr’ya (Advanced Technologies of the Integrated Mineral Utilization), Moscow: Ruda Metally, 2007.
10. Karmazin, V.V. and Karmazin, V.I., Magnitnye i elektricheskie metody obogashcheniya (Magnetic and Electric Beneficiation Methods), Moscow: Nedra, 1988.
11. Olofinsky, N.F., Elektricheskie metody obogashcheniya (Electric Beneficiation), Moscow: Nedra, 1970.
12. Mokrousov, V.A. and Pileev, V.A., Radiometricheskoe obogashchenie neradioaktivnykh rud (Radiometric Concentration of Nonradioactive Ores), Moscow: Nedra, 1979.
13. Abramov, A.A., Flotatsionnye metody obogashcheniya (Flotation Concentration Methods), Moscow: MGGU, 2008.
14. Abramov, A.A., Sobranie sochineniy. Tom VI: Flotatsiya. Fiziko-khmicheskoe modelirovanie processov (Collected Edition. Vol. VI: Flotation. Physicochemical Modeling of Processes), Moscow: MGGU, 2010.
15. Abramov, A.A., Sobranie sochineniy. Tom VII: Flotatsiya. Reagenty-sobirateli (Collected Edition. Vol. VII: Flotation. Collectors), Moscow: MGGU, 2012.
16. Rubio, J., “Unconventional Flocculation and Flotation Techniques,” in Flotation and Flocculation: From Fundamentals to Applications, Strategic Conference and Workshop, Hawaii, 2002.
17. Maslenitsky, N.N. and Belikov, V.V., Khimicheskie protsessy v tekhnologii pererabotki trudnoobogatimykh rud (Chemical Processes in the Processing Technology for Rebellious Ores), Moscow: Nedra, 1986.

FINE-DISPERSED AND NANO MINERAL PARTICLES IN MINING AND METALLURGICAL WASTES AFTER COMMERCIAL AND LABORATORY GRINDING
E. A. Ermolovich, K. A. Izmest’ev, and A. N. Kirilov

The paper presents the results of defining the content of fine-grained fractions and nanofractions in mining wastes and the correlation equations for express estimate of powder dispensability. The authors discuss the non-uniqueness of the “fine-grained mineral particles and nanoparticles” notions in scientific literature.

mining and metallurgical wastes, dispensability, mining waste recycling in filling mixtures

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3. Chernigovsky, A.I., “Implementation of New Technologies within the Production of Concrete Items for the Purpose of Cement Saving” ZHBI Konst., 2010, no. 2.
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7. Kovshov, S.V., Shuvalov, Yu.V., and Kovshov, V.P., “The Impact of Natural and Technogenic Factors on the Backfilled Working Sites within Quarries,” Aktual. Probl. Geogr. Geoekol., 2008, vol. 6, no. 2.
8. Trubetskoy, K.N., Viktorov, S.D., Galchenko, Y.P., and Odintsev, V.N., “Anthropogenic Mineral Nanoparticles as a Problem of Developing Mineral Wealth,” Vestn. RAN, 2006, vol. 76, no. 4.
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11. El’tsov, S.V. and Vodolazskaya, N.A., Fizicheskaya i kolloidnaya khimiya (Physical and Colloid Chemistry), Kharkov: Karazin Kharkov Nats. Univ., 2005.
12. Kvesko, N.G., “Laws of Layer Sedimentation of Particles in Liquid Medium as Applied to the Practical Granulometry,” Extended Abstracts of Dr. Tekh. Sci. Dissertation, Tomsk, 2002.
13. Latkin, A.S., Perspektivnye protsessy pererabotki dispersnogo syr’ya (Effective Processing of Disperse Mineral Materials), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: KamchatGTU, 2004.
14. Krupnik, L.A. and Sokolov, G.V., “High-Density Filling Mixtures, Properties and Future Application,” Gorn. Inform.-Analit. Byull., 2005, no. 11.
15. TNPA (Technical Normative Legal Acts) STB EN 12620–2007: Concrete Aggregates, 2007.
16. GOST (State Standard) 5219–2003: Mineral Powder for Asphaltic Concrete and Organic Mineral Mixtures, 2003.
17. Krekshin, V.E., Effect of Fine-Dispersed Sand Fractions on the Concrete Microstructure, in Sovershenstvovanie stroitel’stva nazemnykh ob’ektov neftyanoy i gazovoy promyshlennosti (Modification of Building the Ground Objects of Oil and Gas Industry), Moscow: NPO “Gidrotruboprovod,” 1990.
18. Makarevich, M.S., “Dry Building Mixtures with Fine-Dispersed Mineral Additives for Plasterworks,” Extended Abstracts of Cand. Tekh. Sci. Dissertation, Tomsk, 2005.
19. Montyanova, A.N. “Features and Efficiency of Applying the Additives in Filling Mixtures,” Gorn. Inform.-Analit. Byull., 2009, no. 9.
20. Nikolaeva, L.A., O chem rasskazyvayut zolotinki (Signs of Gold), Moscow: Nedra, 1990.
21. Lugovskaya, I.G., “Mineralogical Criteria for Estimate Fine-Dispersed Metallic and Non-Metallic Mineral Material,” Extended Abstracts of Dr. Geol.-Min. Sci. Dissertation, Moscow, 2007.
22. Vanin, A.I., “Effects of Interaction of Surface Modes in Dielectric and Optic Fine-Dispersed Systems,” Extended Abstracts of Dr. Phys.-Math. Sci. Dissertation, Saint Petersburg, 2004.
23. Gusev, A.I., Nanomaterialy, nanostruktury, nanotekhnologii (Nanomaterials, Nanostructures, Nanotechnologies), Moscow: Fizmatlit, 2005.
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33. Ermolovich, E.A., “Disposal of Substandard Dolomites in Hardening Filling Mixture for Filling the Worked-out Area,” Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Resource-Producing, Low-Waste, and Nature-Conservation Technologies of Developing the Earth Interiors, Moscow—Cotonou, 2010.
34. Ermolovich, E.A. and Sergeev, S.V., RF Patent 2396435, Byull. Izobret., 2010, no. 22.
35. Knunyants, I.L. et al., Khimicheskay entsiklopediya (Chemical Encyclopedia), Moscow: Sov. Entsikl., 1990.

IMPROVING SULFIDE FLOTATION PERFORMANCE USING NATURAL SORBENTS
N. I. Eliseev and A. V. Averbukh

The authors consider the perspectives of using the cation-active natural sorbents to improve xanthate performance in the bulk sulfide flotation.

flotation, sorbents, grinding

REFERENCES
1. Bocharov, V.A. and Golikov, A.A., “Oxidation of Sulfide Minerals in the Grinding Circuit,” Tsv. Met., 1967, no. 7.
2. Chanturia, V.A. and Shafeev, R.Sh., Khimiya poverkhnostnykh yavleniy pri flotatsii (Chemistry of Surface Processes in Flotation) Moscow: Nedra, 1977.
3. Yashina, G.M., Eliseev, N.I., and Bobov, S.S., “Electrochemical Processes in Sulfide Mineral Oxidation,” Izv. Vuzov, Gorny Zh., 1978, no. 12.
4. Eliseev, N.I., Dolzhenkova, O.P., Epel’man, M.L. et al., “Investigation into Oxygen Mode in Copper and Zinc Ore Preparation,” Obog. Rud, 1980, no. 1.
5. Kirbitova, N.V., Eliseev, N.I. et al., “Effect of Finely Dispersed Hydroxide Sediments on Flotation,” Obog. Rud, 1976, no. 4.
6. Klimenko, N.G. et al., Primenenie ionitov dlya povysheniya selektivnosti flotatsionnogo protsessa (Ion-Exchange Resins Improving Flotation Selectivity), Moscow: Nedra, 1974.
7. Baranova, O.Yu., “Protection of Water Pools from Industrial Radionuclides by Using Opal-Christobalite-Based Sorbents,” Extended Abstracts of Cand. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Ekaterinburg, 2006.

EFFECTIVE METHODS FOR GOLD RECOVERY FROM MINING WASTES AT PLACERS
V. S. Litvintsev, T. S. Banshchikova, N. A. Leonenko, and V. S. Alekseev

The authors develop the methods for concentration and recovery of dispersed ultrafine gold, including nanogold, in the mining wastes at gold placers by using laser action and chemical reagents.

placer mining wastes, difficult-to-recover gold, mining waste metal loss, surfactant species, chemical reagents, laser action

REFERENCES
1. Mirzekhanov, G.S., “Conditions, Prediction, and Estimation of the Resource Potential of Man-Caused Formation of Worked Gold-Bearing Placers (in the Far East Region),” Extended Abstract of Dr. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Blagoveshchensk, 2005.
2. Mamaev, Y.A., Litvintsev, V.S., Ponomarchuk, G.P. et al., “Recovery of Gold from Fine and Disperse Fractions of Tailings by Physicochemical Methods,” Obog. Rud, 2003, no. 4.
3. Shevkun, E.B., Kuz’menko, L.P., Leonenko, N.A., and Yaltukova, N.G., RF Patent 2255995, Byull. Izobret., 2005, no. 19.

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