JMS, Vol. 47, No. 5, 2011

INTEGRATED MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING OF LOADS, DISPLACEMENTS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC EMISSION IN ROCKS UNDER UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION
V. N. Oparin, A. G. Vostretsov, A. V. Krivetskii, A. A. Bizyaev, and G. E. Yakovitskaya

The authors describe an automatized three-channel system intended for joint recoding of loads, displacements and electromagnetic emission in rock samples subjected to uniaxial compression testing. This system includes an optoelectronic displacement sensor. The developed and tested controller and computer product allow synchronous three-channel recording, analysis and processing of experimental data, and displaying of the analytical results.

Automatized three-channel recording system, displacements, electromagnetic emission, uniaxial compression, controller, computer product, rock samples

REFERENCES
1. Yakovitskaya, G.E., Metody i tekhnicheskie sredstva diagnostiki kriticheskikh sostoyanii gornykh porod na osnove elektromagnitnoi emissii (Electromagnetic Emission-Based Methods and Means of Critical State Diagnostics in Rocks), Novosibirsk: Parallel’, 2008.
2. Oparin, V.N., Tapsiev, A.P., Rozenbaum, M.A., et al., Zonal’naya dezintegratsiya gornykh porod i ustoichivost’ podzemnykh vyrabotok (Zonal Disintegration in Rocks and the Stability of Underground Openings), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2008.
3. Oparin, V.N., Sashurin, A.D., Kulakov, G.I., et al., Sovremennaya geodinamika massiva gornykh porod verkhnei chasti litosfery: istoki, parametry, vozdeistvie na obekty nedropol’zovaniya (Modern Geodynamics in the Top Lithosphere: Sources, Parameters, Impact), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2008.
4. Kurlenya, M.V., Vostretsov, A.G., Kulakov, G.I., and Yakovitskaya, G.E., Registratsiya i obrabotka signalov elektromagnitnogo izlucheniya (Electromagnetic Emission Recording and Processing), Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2000.
5. Sobolev, G.A. and Ponomarev, A.V., Fizika zemletryasenii i predvestniki (Physics of Earthquakes and the Forerunners), Moscow: Nauka, 2003.
6. Stavrogin, A.N. and Protosenya, A.G., Prochnost’ gornykh porod i ustoichivost’ vyrabotok na bol’shikh glubinakh (Strength of Rocks and the Stability of Deep Openings), Moscow: Nedra, 1985.
7. Oparin, V.N., Vostretsov, A.G., Krivetskii, A.V., Bizyaev, A.A., and Yakovitskaya, G.E., “Modernized Electromagnetic Control System for Uniaxial Testing of Rocks,” Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., 2010, no. 4, pp. 104 115 [J. Min. Sci., 2010, vol. 46, no. 4, pp.458 467].
8. Kurlenya, M. V. Oparin, V.N., Sidenko, G.G., and Yushkin, V.F., “Longitudinal Multichannel Optoelectronic Deformometer,” Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., 1997, no. 3, pp. 105 119 [J. Min. Sci., 1997, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 281 293].
9. Oparin, V.N., Kurlenya, M.V., Sidenko, G.G., Yushkin, V.F., Tapsiev, A.P., and Arshavskii, V.V., RF patent no. 2097558, Byull. Izobret., 1997, no. 20.
10. Loginov, V.N., Elektricheskie izmereniya mekhanicheskikh velichin (Electrical Measurement of Mechanical Values), Moscow: Energiya, 1976.

INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT OF THE ACOUSTIC MONITORING IN THE VICINITY OF SHAFTS
I. A. Sanfirov, A. I. Babkin, A. G. Yaroslavtsev, T. V. Baibakova, and M. M. Kalashnikova

The paper presents the hardware and technology support for geophysical examination over the structure and conditions in the vicinity of shafts in a potassium salt mine. The details of multichannel linear observation design, acoustic data processing, and interpretation approaches to the detection of the potentially permeable zones are discussed.

Elastic waves, interference recording systems, tubbing, shaft, monitoring

REFERENCES
1. Savich, A.I., Yashchenko, Z.G., and Gorbunov, A.A., “Experience of Quality Control of Hard Rocks Cementation Using Acoustic Methods at the Ingurskaya Hydroelectric Station,” Gidrotekh. Stroit., 1977, no. 12.
2. Sanfirov, A.I., Yaroslavtsev, A.G., and Babkin, A.I., “Acoustic Measurements in the Vicinity of Shafts,” Nauch. Prakt. UkrNDMI NAN Ukr., issue 5, Donetsk, 2009.
3. Sanfirov, A.I., Rudnichnye zadachi seismorazvedki MOGT (Objectives of Seismic Survey by the Method of CDP in Mines), Ekaterinburg: UrO RAN, 1996.
4. Gol’tsman, F.M., Osnovy teorii interferentsionnogo priema seismicheskikh voln (Theoretical Basics of Interference Intake of Seismic Waves), Moscow: Nauka, 1974.
5. Meshbei, V.I., Metodika mnogokratnykh perekrytii v seismorazvedke (Multiple Overlapping Technique in the Seismic Survey), Moscow: Nedra, 1985.
6. Baibakova, T.V., “Seismic Survey Approach to Determining Rock Fracture Degree,” Gorn. Inform.-Analit. Byull., 2009, no.12.

DETERMINATION OF CONTACT ANGLE ON THE COAL SURFACE
V. A. Arkhipov, D. Yu. Paleev, Yu. F. Patrakov, and A. S. Usanina

The paper considers the method for determining a contact angle of coal surface prepared by pressing the coal powder into cylindrical pellets of a target size. The authors analyze the relationships between the contact angle and chemical properties of coal surface.

Contact angle, pressing, coal surface, chemical composition

REFERENCES
1. Abramov, A.A., Flotatsionnye metody obogashcheniya (Flotation Methods), Moscow: Mosk Gos. Gorn. Univ., 2008.
2. Pirumov, A.I., Obespylevanie vozdukha (Air Dedusting), Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1981.
3. De Zhen, P.Zh., Wetting: Statics and Dynamics, Usp. Fiz. Nauk, 1987, vol. 151, no 4.
4. Summ, B.D., Wetting Hysteresis, Soros Educ. J., 1999, no. 7.
5. Drelich, J., Laskowski, J.S., and Pawlik, Improved Sample Preparation and Surface Analysis Methodology for Contact Angle Measurements on Coal (Heterogeneous) Surfaces, J. Coal Prep., 2000, vol. 21.
6. Murata, T., Wettability of Coal Estimated from the Contact Angle, Fuel, 1981, vol. 60.
7. Chander, S., Hogg, R., and Fuerstenau, D.W., Characterization of the Wetting and Dewetting Behavior of Powders, KONA, 2007, no. 25.
8. Arkhipov, V.A. and Usanina, A.S., Characteristics of Drop Spreading at Low Weber Numbers, J. Eng. Phys., 2010. no. 5.
9. Gimatudinov, Sh.K., Spravochnaya kniga po dobyche nefti (Handbook on Oil Recovery), Moscow: Nedra, 1974. 10. Conway, J. H. and Sloane, N. J. A., Upakovki sharov, reshetki i gruppy (Sphere Packing, Lattices, and Groups), Moscow: Mir, 1990.

THE GRAVIMETRICAL SURVEY IN HANDLING THE GEOLOGICAL AND MINING PROBLEMS AT THE UPPER KAMA POTASSIUM SALT DEPOSIT
G. P. Shcherbinina, G. V. Prostolupov, and S. G. Bychkov

The article reviews the recent procedures and software intended for processing and interpreting of gravimetry data in terms of the Upper Kama Potassium Salt Deposit, which allows the detail density structure of the strata. It is illustrated how to handle complicated geological problems to improve the safety of mining.

Gravimetrical survey, potassium salt deposit, safe mining

REFERENCES
1. Novoselitskii, V.M., Shcherbinina, G.P., and Pogadaev, S.V., “Integration of the Surface-Underground Gravimetry with the Geophysical Assessment Methods for Impervious Beds and Above-Salt Strata at the Upper Kama Potassium Salt Deposit,” Proc. Intern. Conf. Mining Sciences at the Edge of the 21st Century, Ekaterinburg: URO RAN, 1998.
2. Prostolupov, G.V. and Tarantin, M.V., “Gravimetrical Surveying of the Undercut Rock Mass,” Proc. 3rd Sci. Lectures in Memory of Blashevich, Yu.P., Depth Structure. Geodynamics, Monitoring. Earth’s Heat Field. Interpretation of Geophysical Fields, Ekaterinburg: UrO RAN, 2007.
3. Tarantin, M.V. and Prostolupov, G.V., “The Gravity Survey Direct Problem Solution within the Principle of the Contact Surfaces,” Proc. 3rd Sci. Lectures in Memory of Blashevich, Yu.P., Depth Structure. Geodynamics, Monitoring. Earth’s Heat Field. Interpretation of Geophysical Fields, Ekaterinburg: UrO RAN, 2007.
4. Novoselitskii, V.M., Chadaev, M.S., and Pogadaev, S.V., “Scanning Principle in the Vector processing of Geological-Geophysical Fields,” Proc. Int. Symp. SPM-95 on the Mineral Mining Safety in the Urban and Industry Agglomeration Zones, Perm: UrO RAN, 1995.
5. Novoselitskii, V.M., Chadaev, M.S., and Pogadaev, S.V., “Vector Scanning of Potential Fields as the Deep Study Tool,” Proc. Int. Conf. Mining Sciences at the Edge of the 21st Century, Ekaterinburg: URO RAN, 1997.
6. Bychkov, S.G., Novoselitskii, V.M., Prostolupov, G.V., and Shcherbinina, G.P.,” Information Technology for the Comprehensive Interpretation of Geopotential Fields” Geoinformatika, 2004, no. 1 
7. Bychkov, S.G. and Simanov, A.A., “Evolution of the Software Support of the Gravimetry Data Processing and Interpretation,” Gorn. Ekho, 2007, no. 2.
8. Novoselitskii, V.M., Bychkov, S.G., Shcherbinina, G.P., Prostolupov, G.V., and Yakovlev, S.I., “Gravimetric Analysis of the Mining-Induced Change in the Density Characteristic of a Geological Medium,” Gorny Zh., 2008, no. 10.

TENSILE FRACTURING IN GYPSUM UNDER UNIFORM AND NONUNIFORM DISTRIBUTED COMPRESSION
S. V. Suknev

The author analyzes the behavior of tensile fractures in tensile stress concentration zones in gypsum samples subjected to uniform and nonuniform compression, compares the experimental data with calculated critical pressure using conventional, nonlocal and gradient criteria of fractures, and finally evaluates parameters of the gradient criterion for the analyzed regimes of compression.

Failure, fracture, hole, stress concentration, scale effect, stress gradient, nonlocal criteria

REFERENCES
1. Suknev, S.V., “Formation of Tensile Fractures in the Stress Concentration Zone in Gypsum,” Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., 2008, no. 1, pp. 47—55 [J. Min. Sci., 2008, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 43—50].
2. Seweryn, A. and Mroz, Z., “A Non-Local Stress Failure Condition for Structural Elements under Multiaxial Loading,” Eng. Fract. Mech., 1995, vol. 51, no. 6.
3. Mikhailov, S.E., “A Functional Approach to Non-Local Strength Condition and Fracture Criteria,” Eng. Fract. Mech., 1995, vol. 52, no. 4.
4. Isupov, L.P. and Mikhailov, S.E., “A Comparative Analysis of Several Nonlocal Fracture Criteria,” Arch. Appl. Mech., 1998, vol. 68, no. 9.
5. Suknev, S.V. and Novopashin, M.D., “Gradient Approach to Rock Strength Estimation,” Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., 1999, no. 4, pp. 54—60 [J. Min. Sci., 1999, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 381—386].
6. Suknev, S.V. and Novopashin, M.D., “Criterion of Normal Tension Crack Formation in Rocks under Compression,” Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., 2003, no. 2, pp. 30—37 [J. Min. Sci., 2003, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 132—138].
7. Suknev, S.V., “Local Strength Criterion,” Probl. Prochn., 2004, no. 4.
8. Durelli, A.J. and Jacobson, R.H., “Brittle-Material Failures as Indicators of Stress-Concentration Factors,” Exp. Mech., 1962, vol. 2, no. 3.
9. Lajtai, E.Z., “Brittle Fracture in Compression,” Int. J. Fract., 1974, vol. 10, no. 4.
10. Carter, B.J., “Size and Stress Gradient Effects on Fracture around Cavities,” Rock Mech. and Rock Eng., 1992, vol. 25, no. 3.
11. Hyakutake, H., Hagio, T., and Nisitani, H., “Fracture of FRP Plates Containing Notches or a Circular Hole under Tension,” Int. J. Pressure Vessels and Piping, 1990, vol. 44, no. 3.
12. Imamura, S. and Sato, Y., “Fracture of a Graphite Solid Cylinder with a Transverse Hole in Tension,” J. Coll. Eng. Nihon Univ. Ser. A., 1987, vol. 28.
13. Nisitani, H. and Noguchi, H., “Tensile Fracture Criterion of High Strength Steel Specimens with a Circumferential Notch,” Trans. Jap. Soc. Mech. Eng. Ser. A., 1986, vol. 52, no. 477.
14. Sedov, L.I, Mekhanika sploshnoi sredy (Continuum Mechanics), vol. 2, Moscow: Nauka, 1984.
15. Suknev, S.V., “Nonlocal Fracture Criteria. A Ghost Fracture Criterion,” Nauka Obr., 2009, no. 1.
16. Gonano, L.P., “Stress Gradient and Size Effect Phenomena in Brittle Materials,” Ph.D. Thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland, 1974.
17. Suknev, S.V. and Novopashin, M.D., “Estimation of Local Mechanical Properties of Materials,” Dokl. RAN, 2003, vol. 373, no. 1.
18. Suknev, S.V., Elshin, V.K., and Novopashin, M.D., “Experimental Investigation into Processes of Crack Formation in Rock Samples with Hole,” Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., 2003, no. 5, pp. 47—54 [J. Min. Sci., 2003, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 461—466].

DETERMINATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH BY THE MEASURED ROCK BENDING STRENGTH
V. P. Efimov

The paper discusses the data of four-point bending strength for various rock types. Different nonlocal strength criteria are applied to the tensile strength assessments based on measuring the bending strength. The tensile strength calculated using a bar bending model under plastic deformation turns out to be the closest in value to the experimental strength.

Strength, tension, bending, nonlocal strength criteria

REFERENCES
1. Timoshenko, S.P., Soprotivlenie materialov (Strength of Materials), Moscow: Nauka, 1965.
2. Legan, M.A., “Correlation of Local Strength Gradient Criteria in a Stress Concentration Zone with Linear Fracture Mechanics,” Prikl. Mekh. Tekh. Fiz., 1993, no. 4 [J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys., 1993, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 585–592].
3. Novozhilov, V.V., “On a Necessary and Sufficient Criterion for Brittle Strength,” Prikl. Mekh. Mat., 1969, vol. 33, no. 2 [J. Appl. Math. Mech., 1969, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 201–210].
4. Efimov, V.P., “Rock Strength in Different Tension Conditions,” Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop, 2009, no. 6 [J. Min. Sci., 2009, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 569–575].
5. Suknev, S.V. and Novopashin, M.D., “Gradient Approach to Rock Strength Estimation,” Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., 1999, no. 4 [J. Min. Sci., 1999, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 381–386].
6. Harlab, V.D. and Minin V. A., Strength Criterion Allowing for the Effect of Stress State Gradient, in Issledovaniya po mekhanike stroitel’nykh konstruktsii i materialov (Research on Mechanics of Building Structures and Materials), Leningrad, 1989.

EFFECT OF HIGHWALL PARAMETERS ON THE OPEN PIT OPERATION AND LIMITS
O. B. Kortelev, V. I. Cheskidov, and V. K. Norri

The article addresses the open pit mining of lightly pitching coal below different surface topography. Based on the analysis of the effect exerted by highwall angle on the current stripping ratio, suggestions are made on possible improvement in the open pit mine performance and extension of its life by changing the slope angle of the open pit highwall.

Open pit mine, highwall, open pit operation

REFERENCES
1. Cheskidov, V.I., “Sequence of Extraction of Flat and Inclined Coal Beds with Internal Dumping,” Extended Abstracts of Cand. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Novosibirsk: IGD SO RAN, 1999.
2. Arsent’ev, A.I., Zakony formirovaniya rabochei zony kar’era (Working Site Formation in an Open Pit Mine), Leningrad: LGI, 1986.
3. Kortelev, O.B., “Analysis of Hauling Scheme in Open Cut Mining on a Mountainous Surface (in Terms of Coal Open Pit Mines in the South Kuzbass),” Extended Abstracts of Cand. Tech. Sci. Dissertation, Novosibirsk: IGD SO AN SSSR, 1969.
4. Vasil’ev, V.I., Kortelev, OB., and Molotilov, S.G., “Overburden Removal Control via Steeper Highwall Angle,” Dob. Ugl. Otkryt. Sposob., 1968, no. 10.
5. Kortelev, O.B. and Molotilov, S.G., Effect of Overburden Rehandling with Shovels on the Open Pit Operation, in Sovershenstvovanie otkrytoi razrabotki mestorozhdenii poleznykh iskopaemykh (Improvements in Open Pit Mineral Mining), Novosibirsk: IGD SO AN SSSR, 1973.
6. Vasil’ev, E.I., Molotilov, S.G., and Kortelev, O.B., “Features of Preparing Benches in Open Cutting of Flat Coal,” TsNIEUgol’, 1968, no. 8.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COAL CLASSIFICATION BY USEFUL QUALITY
E. V. Freidina, A. A. Botvinnik, and A. N. Dvornikova

The authors introduce the fossil coal classification in terms of useful quality of coal, by using the facet method and the qualimetry principles, in terms of the power-generating coal from the Kuznetsk Coal Basin and coking coal from Southern Yakutia. The new-proposed classification completes the existing classifications on the topic, and describes the full range of coal quality indexes according to a consumer and their significance in the final product quality evaluation.

Coal classification, useful quality, quality indexes, profitability, facet method, classification of characteristics

REFERENCES
1. Kler, V.R., Izuchenie i geologo-ekonomicheskaya otsenka kachestva uglei pri geologorazvedochnykh rabotakh (Investigation and Geological-Economical Evaluation of Coal Quality during Exploration), Moscow Nedra, 1975.
2. Zikeev, T.A., Spravochnik po kachestvu iskopaemykh uglei i goryuchikh slantsev SSSR (Quality of Fossil Coals and Slate Coals in the USSR. Handbook.), Moscow: Ugletekhizdat, 1947.
3. Kiryukov, V.V., Metody issledovaniya veshchestvennogo sostava tverdykh goryuchikh iskopaemykh (Research Methods for Material Composition of Hard Anthracites), Leningrad: Nedra, 1970.
4. Eremin, I.V. and Bronovets, T.M., Marochnyi sostav uglei i ikh ratsional’noe ispol’zovanie (Grade Composition and Rational Use of Coals), Moscow: Nedra, 1994.
5. Lambin, J.J., Chumpitaz, R., and Schuiling, I., Market-Driven Management: Strategic and Operational Marketing, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
6. Fedyukin, V.K., Durnev, V.D., and Lebedev, V.G., Metody otsenki i upravleniya kachestvom promyshlennoi produktsii (Methods of Evaluation and Management of Industrial Product Quality), Textbook, Moscow: Filin, 2000.
7. Freidina, E.V., Botvinnik, A.A., and Dvornikova, A.N., Coal Quality Control in the Context of International Standards ISO 9000, J. Min. Sci., 2008, no. 6.
8. Freidina, E.V., Selecting Coal Energy Valuation Index, J. Min. Sci., 1997, no. 6.
9. Freidina, E.V., Tret’yakov, S.A., and Dvornikova, A.N., Evaluating of Utilization of Coking-Coal Reserves, J. Min. Sci., 1997, no. 5.
10. Kurlenya, M.V., Sobolev, A.N., and Freidina, E.V., Strategy for Increasing the Quality and Competitiveness of Coal with Open-Cut Mining of Coal Fields in the Kuznetsk Basin, J. Min. Sci., 1996, no. 1.
11. Artser, A.S. and Protasov, S.I., Ugli Kuzbassa: proiskhozhdenie, kachestvo, ispol’zovanie (Kuzbass Coals: Origin, Quality, and Utilization), Book II, Kemerovo, 1999.
12. Denisov, G.A., O predlozheniyakh po perekhodu promyshlennosti stroimaterialov RF na ispol’zovanie mnogotonnazhnykh tekhnologii na osnove tekhnogennogo syr’ya (Proposals on Transition of the RF Construction Industry to Large-Scale Utilization of Mine Waste Materials), Moscow: Energetika, 2010.
13. Botvinnik, A.A. and Dvornikova, A.N., Mineral Reserves Structuring Procedure based on the Geological Information Technologies, Gorn. Inform.-Analit. Byull., 2005, no. 9.

APPLICATION OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE IN UNDERGROUND MINING
M. Mahoutian, M. Shekarchi, and N. Ali Libre

Several devices are used to provide support in an underground space. Wooden prop is generally employed for the purpose of passive secondary or short-term support of the mine roadway roof and sides. The wooden prop has various known usage limitation, including low strength, deterioration of wood in humid environment, poor ductility, and generally low service life. Substitution of the wooden prop with a prop made with a more suitable material could thus yield important advantages. In this study, lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) is proposed to be used as a prop material. Since lightweight aggregate has a relatively low ductility, steel fibers are used in this investigation to achieve enhanced ductility levels. Five mixtures of fiber reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete were considered with different steel fiber percentages and pumice lightweight aggregates produced in Iran. The density, compressive, tensile and flexural strength as well as the toughness index of different fiber reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete materials were measured in order to assess their potential as replacement for wood in prop production. The experimental results indicated that the density of lightweight aggregate concrete is higher than wood. Since the strength and toughness of LWAC is significantly more than those of wood, the weight of a LWAC element with the same strength turns out to be 22 percent less than the wood element. Hence, wooden prop may be replaced with lightweight aggregate concrete prop to achieve improved service life and ductility while reducing the weight of the prop.

Lightweight aggregate concrete, steel fiber, prop, support, pumice, mining

REFERENCES
1. Skinner, E.H., Structural Uses and Placement Techniques for Lightweight Concrete in Underground Mining, Report of Investigation 9266, Bureau of Mine, United States Department of Intereior, 1989.
2. McWilliams, P.C. and Gooch, A.E., Ground Support Systems in Block-Cave Mining, A Survey, BuMines IC 8679, 1975.
3. Bigby, D., Coal Mine Roadway Support System Handbook, Crown, UK, ISBN 0 7176 2899 X, 2004.
4. Liu, H.Y., Small, J.C., and Carter, J.P., “Full 3D Modelling for Effects of Tunnelling on Existing Support Systems in the Sydney Region,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2008, vol. 23.
5. General Description and Arrangement of Face Supports, Durham Mining Musium ebook, Chapter 1, Crown, License Number C01W0000177, 2004.
6. Song, H.W. and Lu, S.M., “Repair of a Deep-Mine Permanent Access Tunnel Using Bolt, Mesh and Shotcrete,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2011, vol. 16.
7. Robert, M. K. C., “An Evaluation of Yeilding Timber Props as a Suport System in Rockburst Conditions,” Journal of the South African Instittue of Mining and Mettalurgy, 1991, vol. 91, no. 7.
8. Erusmus, P.E. and Smit, J., “Assessment of Pre-Cast Foamed Concrete as Support Medium in Deep Level Mining,” Proc. Int. Conf. Roamed Concrete in Construction, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK, 2005.
9. Demirboga, R., Rung, I.O., and Gul, R., “Effects of Expanded Perlite Aggregate and Mineral Admixtures on the Compressive Strength of Low-Density Concretes,” Cement and Concrete Research, 2001, vol. 21.
10. Newman, J.B. and Bremner, T.W., The Testing of Structural Lightweight Concrete, The Concrete Society, The Construction Press, Lancaster, UK, 1980.
11. Gqndqz, L. and Ug?ur, I., “The Effects of Different Fine and Coarse Pumice Aggregate/Cement Ratios on the Structural Concrete Properties without Using Any Admixtures, Cement and Concrete Research, 2005, vol. 35.
12. Shekarchi, M., Mahoutian, M., Libre, N., and Yekta, S., Comparison between the Effect of Pumice and Leca on the Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Lightweight Aggregate Concrete,” Proc. 3rd Conf. Civil Engineering, Tabriz, Iran, 2007 (in Persian).
13. Chen, B. and Liu, J., “Contribution of Hybrid Fibers on the Properties of the High-Strength Lightweight Concrete Having Good Workability,” Cement and Concrete Research, 2005, vol. 35.
14. Campione, G. and Mendola L., “Behavior in Compression of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete Confined with Transverse Steel Reinforcement,” Cement and Concrete Research, 2004, vol. 26.
15. Nasseri, A., Lightweight Aggregate in Iran, Construction Materials Institute Publication, Report 07A86, Iran, 2007.
16. Khandaker, M. and Anwar, M., “Bond Characteristics of Plain and Deformed Bars in Lightweight Pumice Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, 2008, vol. 22.
17. Gu?ndu?z, L., “The Effects of Pumice Aggregate/Cement Ratios on the Low-Strength Concrete Properties, Construction and Building Materials,” 2008, vol. 22.
18. Khandaker, M. and Anwar, M., “Pumice Based Blended Cement Concretes Exposed to Marine Environment: Effects of Mix Composition and Curing Conditions,” Cement and Concrete Composites, 2008, vol. 30 
19. Topcu, I. and Uygunoglu, T., “Properties of Autoclaved Lightweight Aggregate Concrete,” Building and Environment, 2007, vol. 42.
20. Cavaleri, L., Miraglia, N., and Papia, M., “Pumice Concrete for Structural Wall Panels,” Engineering Structures, 2003, vol. 25.
21. Habel, K., Viviani, M., Denarie, E., and Bruhwiler, E., “Development of the Mechnaical Properties of an Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, 2007, vol. 36, no. 7.
22. Namman, A.E., Otter, D., and Najm, H., “Elastic Modulus of SIFCON in Tension and Compression,” ACI Materilas Journal, 1991, vol. 88, no. 6.
23. Montesions, P. and Gustavo, J., “High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites: An Alternative for Seismic Design of Structures,” ACI Structural Journal, 2005, vol. 102, no. 5.
24. Timber Manual, Datafile P1, Timber, Species and Properties, Forest and Wood Products Research & Development Corporation, Australia, ISBN 1 86346 006 3, 2004.
25. Binici, H., Aksogan, O., Gorur, E.B., Kaplan, H., and Bodur, M.N., “Performance of Ground Blast Furnace Slag and Ground Basaltic Pumice Concrete against Seawater Attack,” Construction and Building Materials, 2008, vol. 22, no. 7.
26. Hossain, K. M. A. and Lachemi, M., “Mixture Design, Strength, Durability, and Fire Resistance of Lightweight Pumice Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, 2007, vol. 104, no. 5.
27. Hossain, K. M. A., “Macro- and Microstructural Investigations on Strength and Durability of Pumice Concrete at High Temperature,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2007, vol. 18, no. 4.

OVERLYING STRATA MOVEMENT LAW IN FULLY MECHANIZED COAL MINING AND BACKFILLING LONGWALL FACE BY SIMILAR PHYSICAL SIMULATION
H. Yanli, Z. Jixiong, A. Baifu, and Z. Qiang

Fully mechanized coal mining and backfilling technology with gangue, fly ash and losses etc. changes the overlying strata movement characteristics and strata behavior law in the fully mechanized coal mining and backfilling longwall face (FMCMBLF). Based on the similar theory, a model of the overlying strata movement in FMCMBLF is established with sponge and plastic foam whose thickness ratio is 1:2 as the similar backfilling body. From the similar physical simulation, the following conclusions have been drawn: (i). The overlying strata movement develops from bottom to top as the mining progresses in the FMCMBLF and consequently, the subsidence curve of the strata assumes symmetrical bowl. (ii) No caving zone but only fissured and bended zones are found in the overlying strata herein. (iii) The subsidence velocity undergoes a changing process of “minimum, successive accretion, reduction, and stabilization,” and the overburden strata movement lasts for a long time. The test results would provide reference for further research of strata control as well as fully mechanized coal mining and solid backfilling technology.

Overlying strata movement law, similar physical simulation, backfilling body

REFERENCES
1. Trubetskoy, K.N. and Glembotskaya, T.V., The Country Wealth Generating Industry. To the 30th Anniversary of Mining Ma1. Ji-xiong, Z. and Xie-xing, M., “Underground Disposal of Waste in Coal Mine,” Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2006, vol. 35.
2. Ji-xiong, Z., Xie-xing, M., and Guang-li, G., “Development Status of Backfilling Technology Using Raw Waste in Coal Mining,” Journal of Mining & Safety Engineering, 2009, vol. 26.
3. Ji-xiong, Z., Xie-xing, M., and Xian-biao, M., “Research on Waste Substitution Extraction of Strip Extraction Coal-Pillar Mining,” Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2007, vol. 26.
4. Ji-xiong, Z., Xie-xing, M., and Guang-li, G., “Study on Waste-Filling Method and Technology in Fully-Mechanized Coal Mining,” Journal of China Coal Society, 2010, vol. 35.
5. Xie-xing, M. and Ji-xiong, Z., “Analysis of Strata Behavior in the Process of Coal Mining by Gangue Backfilling,” Journal of Mining & Safety Engineering, 2010, vol. 24.
6. Ji-xiong, Z., Study on Strata Movement Controlling by Raw Waste Backfilling with Fully-Mechanized Coal Winning Technology and Its Engineering Applications, Xuzhou: China University of Mining and Technology, 2008.
7. Ji-xiong, Z., Qiang, W., Yan-li, H., and Yue-jin, Z., “Strata Pressure Behavior by Raw Waste Backfilling with Coal Mining Technology,” Journal of China Coal Society, 2010, vol. 35.
8. Ji-xiong, Z., Jian, L., Tai-long, A., and Yan-li, H., “Deformation Characteristic of Key Stratum Overburden by Raw Waste Backfilling with Fully-Mechanized Coal Mining Technology,” Journal of China Coal Society, 2010, vol. 30.
9. Jixiong, Z., Nan, Z., Yanli, H., and Qiang, Z., “Impact Law of the Bulk Ratio of Backfilling Body to Overlying Strata Movement in Fully Mechanized Backfilling Mining,” Journal of Mining Science, 2011, vol. 47.
10. Ming-gao, Q., Xie-xing, M., Jia-lin, X., et al., Theory of Key Layer on Strata Control. Beijing: China University of Mining and Technology, Press, 2003.
11. Zhang-xuan, N., Hong-zhu, Z., and Mei-sheng, F., “Similar Materials and Numerical Simulation on Grouting in Overlying Strata of Mining Face,” Journal of Liaoning Technical University, 2010, vol. 3.
12. Hai-fei, L., Shu-gang, L., Lian-hua, C., et al., “Model Experiment of Evolution Pattern of Mining-Induced Fissure in Overlying Strata,” Journal of Xian University of Science and Technology, 2010, vol. 5.
13. He, F., Bin, L., Ze, F., et al., “Model Test with Similar Material and Numerical Simulation of Culvert with High Fills,” Journal of Jilin University, 2008, vol. 2.
14. Jie, Z., and Zhong-jie, H., “The Simulation Experiment Analysis of Water Fluid Crack’s Development Law in the Shallow Coal Seam,” Ground Pressure and Strata Control, 2004, vol. 4.
15. Zhen-yu, C., Ben-sheng, Y., and Xin-he, L., “Similar Simulation Study of Mining Ore Deposit Under Water-Body,” China Mining Magazine, 2003, vol. 3.
16. Song, R., De-yi, J., and Xin-rong, L., “Model Test on Effect of Salt Rock Cavern on Overburden,” Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2008, vol. 8.
17. Wang, F., “Application of Electronic Theodolite in Coal Seams Simulated Test of Similar Materials,” Opencast Mining Technology, 2006, vol. 1.

EFFECTUAL DESIGN OF HAMMERS FOR ROTARY-PERCUSSIVE DRILLING MACHINES
V. E. Erem’yants

Based on the review over theoretical and experimental analyses of influence the drilling machine hammer design exerts on the rock fracture process efficiency, the author draws a conclusion that hammers with curvilinear side surfaces are not an optimal choice as they do not provide a noticeable increase in the impact energy utilization while greatly limit the energy transfer to a work face via a drill rod without breaking the rod.

Hammer design, energy transfer coefficient, drilling velocity

REFERENCES
1. Kryukov, G.M., “Formulation and Solution of a General Problem on Optimal Stress Pulses Generated in Rods during Rotary-Percussive Drilling,” Tr. MIREA, 1970, no. 48.
2. Kryukov, G.M., Fedorov, V.R., Matyushin, A.A., and Bondar’, I.M., “Shapes and Efficiency of Optimum Pulses in Rock Drilling upon Linear Relationship of the Rock Resistance and Rod Penetration Depth,” Tr. MIREA, 1970, no. 48.
3. Shaposhnikov, I.D., “Wave Impulses Relating to the Improved Performance of Rotary-Percussive Mechanisms of Drilling Machines,” Extended Abstracts of Cand. Tekh. Sci. Dissertation, Frunze, 1969.
4. Konyashin, Yu.G., “Rock Fracture Testing Results with Different Shape Hammers,” Vzryv. Delo, 1969, no. 66/23.
5. Alimov, O.D., Manzhosov, V.K., and Erem’yants, V.E., Udar. Rasprostranenie voln deformatsii v udarnykh sistemakh (Impact. Propagation of Strain Waves in Percussive Systems), Moscow: Nauka, 1985.
6. Ivanov, K.I. and Andreev, V.D., “Destruction of Rocks by Impulses Generated by Different Shape Pistons,” Vzryv. Delo, 1966, no. 58/15.
7. Ivanov, K.I., Andreev, V.D., Prigozhin, E.I., Yarmak, M.F., Bushin, A.P., and Mustafaev, S.S., “Influence of Piston Shape on the Drilling Velocity,” Vzryv. Delo, 1969, no. 66/23.
8. Nikonova, I.P., Pokrovskii, G.N., and Serpeninov, B.N., Influence of the Shape of an Impulse on the Impulse Transfer in the Hammer Rod Medium System, in Peredacha udara i mashiny udarnogo deistviya (Impact Transfer and the Percussive Machines), Novosibirsk: IGD SO AN SSSR, 1976.
9. Dvornikov, L.T. and Myasnikov, A.A., “Generation of an Impulse in a Half-Infinite Rod by Hammers Shaped as the Hyperboloid of Rotation,” Tr. FPI, 1977, issue 104.
10. Dvornikov, L.T. and Zhukov, I.A., Prodol’nyi udar polukatenoidal’nym boikom (Longitudinal Impact by a Half-Catenoidal Hammer), Novokuznetsk: SibGIU, 2006.
11. Dvornikov, L.T., Tagaev, B.T., and Myasnikov, A.A., “Improved Performance of Drilling Machines in Hard Rocks,” Izv. Vuzov. Gorny Zh., 1984, no. 11.
12. Fisher, H., Determination of Stress Waveforms in Percussive Drilling, Razrushenie i mekhanika gornykh porod (Failure and the Rock Mechanics), Moscow: Gosgortekhizdat, 1962.

INFLUENCE OF MUTUAL ALIGNMENT OF MINE SHAFTS ON THERMAL DROP OF VENTILATION PRESSURE BETWEEN THE SHAFTS
N. I. Alymenko and A. V. Nikolaev

The paper presents a number of mine ventilation schemes for variously located shaft collars and a main fan diffuser. The calculations of thermal drop of ventilation pressure in the inter-shaft area in each of the discussed variants involve the assessment of their effect on the mine pressure drop.

Natural draft, thermal drop of ventilation pressure, hydrostatic calculation method, altitude mark, diffuser, main mine fan

REFERENCES
1. Komarov, V.B. and Kil’keev, Sh.Kh., Rudnichnaya ventilyatsiya (Mine Ventilation), Moscow: Nedra, 1969.
2. Mokhirev, N.N. and Rad’ko, V.V., Inzhenernye raschety ventilyatsii shakht. Stroitel’stvo. Rekonstruktsiya. Ekspluatatsiya. (Engineering Calculations of Mine Ventilation. Construction. Reconstruction. Exploitation). Moscow: Nedra-Biznestsentr, 2007.
3. Alymenko, N.I. and Nikolaev, A.V., “Calculation of Air Parameters at the Air-Supply Shaft Station,” Development of the Far North Mineral Resources: Problems and Solutions, Proc. 9th Int. Research and Production Conf., Vorkuta, 2011.
4. Alymenko, N.I. and Nikolaev, A.V., “Calculation of Air Parameters at Exits of Air Outlet Shafts,” Development of the Far North Mineral Resources: Problems and Solutions, Proc. 9th Int. Research and Production Conf., Vorkuta, 2011.
5. Medvedev, I.I. and Patrushev, M.A., Provetrivanie kaliinykh i kamennosolyanykh rudnikov (Aeration of Potassium and Rock Salt Mines), Moscow: Gosgortechizdat, 1963.
6. Voropaev, A.F., Teplovoe konditsionirovanie rudnichnogo vozdukha v glubokikh shakhtakh (Thermal Conditioning of Deep Mine Air), Moscow: Nedra, 1979.
7. Alymenko, N.I., Vozdushno-depressionnaya s’’emka rudnika “Karalveyem” (Air-Depression Survey in the Karalveem Mine), R&D Report, Perm: MI UrB RAS, 2009.
8. Nikolaev, A.V. and Gavrilov, V.M., “Potential Application of the Thermal Ventilation Pressure Drop Generated by Air-Shaft-Station Heaters to Reduce Surface Leaks,” Molod. Ucheny, 2011, no. 6.
9. Alymenko, N.I. and Nikolaev, A.V., “Calculation of Equivalent Aerodynamic Resistance of the Underground Mine Levels in Evaluation of the Natural Inter-shaft Draft,” Geol., Geophys. Razrab. Neft. Gaz. Mest., 2010, no.12.
10. Alymenko, N.I., “Ventilation Channels of the Main Ventilation Facility,” Rudnik Bud., 2010, no. 3.
11. Construction Norms and Regulations (SNiP) no. 23–01–99. Construction Climatology.

TWO-LAYER APPROXIMATED APPROACH TO HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE FEED AIR AND VENTILATION SHAFT LINING
B. P. Kazakov, A. V. Shalimov, and E. L. Grishin

The article describes the mathematical solution of the problem on the unsteady heat exchange between the feed air, ventilation shaft lining and rock mass. The integral relations, obtained using the Laplace transforms, allow the calculation of the fed air temperature as the function of time, as well as the analyzing of the temperature variations lengthwise the tubing, concrete lining and annular space.

Air distribution, mine microclimate, heat exchange, heat capacity, heat transfer factor, reversal, Laplace transform

REFERENCES
1. Shcherban’, A.N., Osnovy teorii i metody teplovykh raschetov rudnichnogo vozdukha (Theory and Methods of the Mine Air Heat Calculations), Moscow: Ugletekhizdat, 1953.
2. Kremnev, O.A., “Heat Exchange Between the Feed Air and Rock Mass in Old Mines and Mine Workings,” Tr. ITE AN USSR, 1954, no. 10.
3. Braicheva, N.A., Chernyak, V.P., and Shcherban’. A.N., Metody rascheta temperatury ventilyatsionnogo vozdukha podzemnykh sooruzhenii (Calculation Techniques of the Ventilation Air Temperature in Underground Structures), Kiev, 1981.
4. Kozdoba, L.A. and Chernyak, V.P., Physical Characteristic and Mathematical Description of the “Rock Mass Mine Working” System in the Context of the Forecasting and Regulating of the Thermal Mode in Deep Mines, in Teplovoi rezhim glubokikh ugol’nykh shakht i metallicheskikh rudnikov (Thermal Mode in Deep Coal Mines and Ore Mines), Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1977.
5. Voropaev, A.F., Teoriya teploobmena rudnichnogo vozdukha i gornykh porod v glubokikh shakhtakh (Theory of the Heat Exchange Between Deep Mine Air and Rock Mass), Moscow: Nedra, 1966.
6. Kazakov, B.P. and Shalimov, A.V., “The Connected Task of Non-Stationary Heat Exchange Between Mine Air and Mining Massif,” Proc. 7th Int. Mine Vent. Congress, Poland, 2001.
7. Krasnoshtein, A.E., Kazakov, B.P., and Shalimov, A.V., “Mathematical Modeling of Heat Exchange Between Mine Air and Rock Mass during Fire,” Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., 2006, no. 3, pp. 94–102 [J. Min. Sci., 2006, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 287–295].
8. Krasnoshtein, A.E., Kazakov, B.P., and Shalimov, A.V., “Modeling Complex Air-Gas-Heat Dynamic Processes in a Mine,” Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., No. 2008, no. 6, pp. 105–111 [J. Min. Sci., 2008, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 616–621].
9. Kazakov, B.P. and Shalimov, A.V., “Temperature of Ventilation Shaft Lining under Main Fan Reversal,” Bezop. Tr. Prom., 2006, no. 10.
10. Krasnoshtein, A.E., Kazakov, B.P., and Shalimov, A.V., “Modeling Phenomena of Non-Stationary Heat Exchange Between Mine Air and a Rock Mass,” Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., No. 2007, no. 5, pp. 77–85 [J. Min. Sci., 2007, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 522–529].
11. Komarov, V.B. and Kil’keev, Sh.Kh., Rudnuichnaya ventilyatsiya (Mine Ventilation), Moscow: Nedra, 1969.
12. Dwight, H. B. Tables of Integrals and Other Mathematical Data, 4th Edition, Macmillan, 1961.
13. Sobolev, S.L., Uravneniya matematicheskoi fiziki (Mathematical Physics Equations), Moscow: Gos. Izd. Tekh.-Teor. Lit., 1950.
14. Ol’khovikov, Yu.P., Krep’ kapital’nykh kaliinykh i solyanykh vyrabotok (Lining of Permanent Potash and Salt Mine Workings), Moscow: Nedra, 1984.

CALCULATION METHOD FOR THE UNSTEADY AIR SUPPLY IN MINE VENTILATION NETWORKS
Yu. V. Kruglov, L. Yu. Levin, and A. V. Zaitsev

The problem on one-dimensional unsteady compressed air flow in an arbitrary topology mine is solved using a mathematical model, including one-dimensional equations and pressure velocity continuity condition, the method of characteristics, difference scheme and the AEROSET software.

Unsteady air supply, oriented graph, continuity equation, method of characteristics

REFERENCES
1. Abramov, F.A., Fel’dman, L.P., and Svyatny, V.A., Modelirovanie dinamicheskikh protsessov rudnichnoi aerologii (Modeling of Dynamic Processes in Mine Aerology), Kiev: Naukova Dumka (1981).
2. Abramov, F.A., Rudnichnaya aerogazodinamika (Mine Aerogasdynamics), Moscow: Nedra, 1972.
3. Kruglov, Yu.V., “Modeling of the Optimal Air Supply Regulation for the Mine Ventilation Networks,” Extended Abstracts of the Cand. Tekh. Sci. Dissertation, Perm, 2006.
4. Wylie, E.V. and Streeter, V.L., Hydraulic Transients, New York: McGraw Hill, 1978.
5. Arsenin, V.Ya., Metody matematicheskoi fiziki i spetsial’nye funktsii (Mathematical Physics Techniques and the Special Functions), Moscow: Nauka, 1974.
6. Fox, J.A., Hydraulic Analysis of Unsteady Flow in Pipe Networks, New York: Wiley, 1977.
7. Harary, F., Graph Theory, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969.
8. Lyamaev, B.F., Nebol’sin, G.P., and Nelyubov, V.A., Steady and Transient Processes in Complex Hydrostructures, in Metody rascheta na EVM (Computerized Calculation Techniques), Lyamaev, B.F., Ed., Leningrad: Mashinostroenie, 1986.
9. Landau, L. and Lifshits, E.M., Kurs teoreticheskoi fiziki (Theoretical Physics), vol. 6, Hydrodynamics, Moscow: Nauka, 1986.
10. Parmakian, J., Waterhammer Analysis, New York: Dover, 1963.
11. Wilf, H.S. and Ralston, A., Mathematical Methods for Digital Computers, New York: Wiley, 1960.
12. Fletcher, C. A. J., Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics, vol. 1, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1991.
13. Bakhvalov, N.S., Zhidkov, N.P., and Kobel’kov, G.M., Chislennye metody (Numerical Methods), Moscow: Nauka, 1987.
14. Kazakov, B.P., Kruglov, Yu.V., Levin, L.Yu., and Isaevich, A.G., “AEROSET Software for the Calculation of Mine Ventilations,” Gorn. Inform-Analit. Byull., Aerology Series, 2006.

GAS EMISSION UNDER COAL AND GAS OUTBURSTS
S. A. Shepeleva and V. V. Dyrdin

The paper considers the conditions of methane hydrate existence in coal seams. The authors estimate volumes of gas emission in a fractured coal layer upon a drop in gas pressure. The authors also give the assessment of outburst hazard of coal seam edge zone.

Underground mining, coal seams, gas-dynamic phenomena, gas emission, phase transitions, gas hydrates

REFERENCES
1. Shepeleva, S.A. and Dyrdin, V.V., Calculation of Gas Emissions into the Borehole in the Course of Preliminary Degassing of Coal Seams, in Netraditsionnye i intensivnye tekhnologii razrabotki mestorozhdenii poleznikh iskopaemikh (Nontraditional and Intensive Technologies of Mineral Mining), Fryanov, V.N., Ed., Novokuznetsk: Sib. Gos. Industr. Univ., 2008, vol. 1.
2. Ettinger, I.L. and Shul’man, N.V., “Conditions of Gas Hydrates Presence in Coal Seams,” Bezop. Truda Prom., 1974, no. 2.
3. Bezverkhii, P.P., Martynets, V.G., and Matizen, V.G., “Methane Diffusion Coefficients. Gas Dissolution,” Khim. Komp. Model., Butler. Soob., Pril., 2002, no. 10.
4. Khristanovich, S.A. and Salganic, R.L., Coal (Rock) and Gas Outbursts. Stresses and Strains, Preprint of Inst. of Applied Mechanics, USSR Acad. Sci., 1980, no. 153.
5. Murashev, V.I., The Mechanism of Coal and Gas Outbursts in Mine Workings, in Osnovy teorii vnezapnykh vybrosov uglya, porody i gaza (Theoretical Principles of Coal, Rock, and Gas Outbursts), Petrosyan, A.E., Kulikov, A.P., Vasuchkova, G.K., Eds., Moscow: Nedra, 1978.
6. Khristanovich, S.A., “Cruising Wave,” Izv. AN SSSR, Otdel. Tekh. Nauk, 1953, no. 12.
7. Verigin, N.N., Khabibulin, I.L., and Khalikov, G.A., “Linear Problem of Gas Hydrate Decomposition in the Porous Medium,” Izv. AN SSSR, Mekh. Zhidk. Gaza., 1980, no. 1.

A COMPUTATIONAL FLOW ANALYSIS FOR CHOOSING THE DIAMETER AND POSITION OF AN AIR DUCT IN. A. WORKING FACE
Dong-Kil Lee

To effectively remove the dusts and gases from the working face in a Korean limestone mine, the ventilation characteristics as defined by the diameter and the position of an air duct were identified and a flow analysis was performed using the concept of air age to find the optimal ventilation conditions.

Mine ventilation, air age, air exchange efficiency

REFERENCES
1. Petrov, N.N., Stability of Ventilation System Operation in Methane-Saturated Mines, J. Min. Sci., 2003, vol. 39, no. 6.
2. Petrov, N.N. and Bakhtenko, E.V., Ways of Improving Safety and Reliability of Ventilation in Mines, J. Min. Sci., 2006, vol. 42, no. 2.
3. Dick, B., Measurement of Ventilation Using Tracer Gas Techniques, Building Research Station, Heating, Piping and Air-Conditioning, 1950, vol. 2, no. 5.
4. Skaret, M. and Mathise, H.M., Ventilation Efficiency—A Guide to Efficient Ventilation, ASHREA Transaction, 1983, vol. 89.
5. Fisk, W.J., Binenboym, J., Kaboli, H. et al., A Multi-Tracer System for Measuring Ventilation Rates and Ventilation Efficiencies in Large Mechanically-Ventilated Buildings, Proc. 6th AIC Ventilation Strategies and Measurement Techniques Conf., Het Meerdal Park, 1985.
6. Davidson, L., Ventilation by Displacement in a Three-Dimensional Room: A Numerical Study, Building and Environment, 1989, vol. 24, no. 4. .

VALIDATION OF THE EFFICIENT APPLICATION OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL WATER PROCESSING IN ORE HEAP LEACHING
V. A. Chanturia, A. L. Samusev, V. G. Minenko, E. V. Koporulina, and E. L. Chanturia

The article theoretically and experimentally validates the effective applicability of the electrochemically treated acid wastedump water as a leaching agent for low-grade copper zinc ores instead of sulphuric acid solutions. The authors have found the way to intensify the Cu-Zn ore leaching by adding 20 mg/l of NaCl in the electrochemically treated wastedump water, which allows the active chlorine concentration of 1.5 g/l and accelerates dissolution of copper and zinc to product solution by a factor of 2.8 6.

Wastedump water, leaching, electrochemical intensification, Cu-Zn ores, structure and chemistry of mineral surface

REFERENCES
1. Fazlullin, M.I., Kuchnoe vyshchelachivanie blagorodnykh metallov (Heap Leaching of Noble Metals), Moscow: AGN, 2001.
2. Khalezov, B.D., “Analysis and Development of the Heap Leaching Technique for Copper and Copper-Zinc Ores,” Extended Abstracts of Dr. Tekh. Sci. Dissertation, Ekaterinburg, 2008.
3. Trubetskoy, K.N., Chanturia, V.A., Kaplunov, A.D., and Ryl’nikova, M.V., Kompleksnoe osvoenie mestorozhdenii i glubokaya pererabotka mineral’nogo syr’ya (Complex Mineral Development and Processing), Moscow: Nauka, 2010.
4. Chanturia, V.A., Minenko, V.G., Lunin, V.D., Shadrunova, I.V., and Orekhova, N.N., “Electrochemical Water Preparation during Flotation and Leaching of Cu Zn Pyritic Ores,” Tsvet. Metally, 2008, no. 9.
5. Karavaiko, G.I. (Ed.), Biotekhnologia metallov. Prakticheskoe rukovodstvo (Biotechnology of Metals. Guidance Manual), Moscow: Vneshtorgizdat, 1989.
6. Yakimenko, L.M., Proizvodstvo khlora, kausticheskoi sody i neorganicheskikh khlorproduktov (Chlorine, Caustic Soda and Inorganic Chlorine Derivatives Production), Moscow: Khimiya, 1974.
7. Chernyak, A.S., Khimicheskoe obogashchenie rud (Chemical Beneficiation of Ores), Moscow: Nedra, 1987.
8. Mishurina, O.A., “Electroflotation Mangenese Extraction in the Complex Processing of the Hydrogeneous Pyritic Reserves,” Extended Abstracts of Cand. Tekh. Sci. Dissertation, Magnitogorsk, 2010.
9. Kapralov, P.O., Artemov, V.G., Gusev, G.A., Tikhonov, V.I., and Volkov, A.A.., “Diffusion of Water Molecules in Nano-Porous Asbestos,” Izv. RAN, Ser. Fizich., 2008, vol. 72, no. 12.

SOME APPROACHES TO GOLD EXTRACTION FROM REBELLIOUS ORES ON THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA’S FAR EAST
T. N. Aleksandrova, M. A. Gurmana, and S. A. Kondrat’ev

Interpreted data of the phase analysis of the Far East ore bodies made it possible to characterize rebellious behavior of ores under study. The researchers propose the integrated flow sheet composed of gravitational preparation, flotation and metallurgical processing flow sheet for beneficiation of rebellious auric-arsenical ore and present the beneficiation parameters for ores of moderate sorption capacity.

Rebellious ores, phase analysis, flotation, cyanidation, integrated flow sheet, carbonaceous matter, sorption leaching

REFERENCES
1. Braiko, V.N. and Ivanov, V.N., “Gold Mining Industry—2009,” Inf.-Rekl. Byul. Zolotodobycha, Irkutsk, IRGIREDMET, 2010, no. 136,
2. “Gold Mining and Production in the Russian Federation—2010,” Inf.-Rekl. Byul. Zolotodobycha, Irkutsk, IRGIREDMET, 2011, no. 146.
3. Ishuk, N.M., “Basic Development Trends and Problems of the Mining Industry in the Khabarovsk Territory, Khabarovsk,” Gorn.-Inform. Analit. Byull., 2010.
4. Lodeishchikov, V.V., Tekhnologiya izvlecheniya zolota i serebra iz upornykh rud (Technology of Gold and Silver Recovery from Rebellious Ores), Irkutsk, IRGIREDMET, 1999.
5. Aleksandrova, T.N., Mamaev, Yu.A., Litvinova, N.M., and Gurman, M.A., “Physicochemical Processes for Improvement of Gold Extraction from Rebellious Ores,” Gorn. Inform. Analit. Byull., 2009, no. 11.
6. Mamaev, Yu.A., Yatlukova, N.G., Aleksandrova, T.N., and Litvinova, N.M., “On Gold Extraction from Rebellious Ores,” Journal of Mining Science, 2009, no. 2.
7. Gurman, M.A., Aleksandrova, T.N., and Mamaev, Yu.A., “Investigation into Ore of Moderate Sorption Activity,” Izv. VUZov. Gorny Zh., 2011, no. 1.
8. Gurman, M.A., Flotation Metallurgical Flow Sheet for Processing of Rebellious Gold-Arsenic Ore, Trudy Konf. Fundamental’nye Problemy Formirovaniya Tekhnogennoi Geosredy (Proc. Conf. Fundamental Problems of Technogeneous Geomedium Formation), Novosibirsk, IGD SO RAN, 2010.
9. RF Patent 2339454, publ. in Bull. Izobret., 2008, no. 33.
10. Rossovskii, S.N., Fridman, I.D., Nikulin, A.I., and Sedel’nikova, G.V., Tekhnologicheskaya otsenka upornykh zolotomysh’yakovykh rud i kontsentratov (Technological Assessment of Rebellious Gold-Arsenic Ores and Concentrates), Moscow: VIMS, 1986.
11. Lodeishchikov, V.V., Izvlechenie zolota is upornykh sul’fidnykh i uglisto-sul’fidnykh rud: analiticheskii obzor (Gold Extraction from Rebellious Sulfide and Carbonaceous-Sulfide Ores: Analytical Review), Irkutsk, IRGIREDMET, 2007.
12. Strabykin, E., China National Gold Corporation Introduces Innovations, www.sogra.ru November 16, 2010.
13. Meretukov, M.A., Zoloto i prirodnoe uglistoe veshchestvo (Gold and Natural Carbonaceous Matter), Moscow: Ruda Metally, 2007.
14. Johnson, N. and Lyon, F., Statistics and Experiment Planning in Technology and Science, vol. 2: Experiment Planning Methods, 1981.

STUDY OF DIETHYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE ADSORPTION ON CHALCOPYRITE AND TENNANTITE AT VARIED pHs
H. T. B. M. Petrus, T. Hirajima, K. Sasaki, and H. Okamoto

The kinetics of diethyl dithiophosphate adsorption on chalcopyrite and tennantite has been studied by UV-visible spectroscopy at pH values of 4, 6, and 9. The concentration of diethyl dithiophosphate in the solution has been monitored as a function of time and pH for both minerals. It was found that the adsorption tendency of diethyl dithiophosphate on both minerals decreased with the increasing pH treatments. This is due to the existence of metal hydroxide species onto the mineral surface in more alkaline condition inhibiting the adsorption of diethyl dithiophosphate species. In comparison to that of chalcopyrite, tennantite possessed slightly higher adsorption of diethyl dithiophosphate in acid condition, while vice versa correlation observed at other pH treatments at where the coverage of metal hydroxide species obtained higher than that of chalcopyrite showing that the rate oxidation of tennantite is higher. An adsorption mechanism has been proposed and tested against the experimental kinetic data. Both the kinetic data and flotation studies are consistent with the proposed mechanism.

Chalcopyrite, tennantite, diethyl dithiophosphate, adsorption, kinetic study, floatability

REFERENCES
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PERMANENCE OF SULFIDE MINERALS IN THE ELECTROCHEMICALLY TREATED WASTEDUMP WATER
A. V. Podgaetskii and A. L. Samusev

Electrochemically treated acid wastedump water is assumed a promising intensifier for heap leaching of Cu-Zn ores. The electrochemical water preparation allows reagent-free adjustment of acid-base and redox properties and ion composition of water product, as well as the saturation of the water with fine-dispersion electrolysis gases. In this context, it is necessary to analyze the influence of the electrochemically treated wastedump water on pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite.

Wastedump water, leaching, electrochemical treatment, Cu-Zn ores, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite

REFERENCES
1. Chanturia, V.A., Minenko, V.G., Lunin, V.D., Shadrunova, I.V., and Orekhova, N.N., “Electrochemical Water Treatment in Flotation and Leaching of the Cu Zn Sulfide Ore,” Tsvet. Metally, 2008, no. 9.
2. Samusev, A.L., Minenko, V.G., and Chanturia, E.L., Intensification of the Cu Zn Ore Leaching via Electrochemical Treatment of Waste Dump Water, in Problemy osvoeniya nedr v XXI veke glazami molodykh (Youth’s Attitude to the Problems of the Subsoil Development in the 21st Century), Moscow, 2010.
3. Vigdergauz, V.E., Makarov, D.V., Belogub, E.V. et al., “Effect of Hypergenesis Oxidation on the Processing Behavior and Preparation Characteristics of Copper-Zinc Pyritic Ore,” Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., 2010, no. 6, pp. 96–105 [Journal of Mining Science, 2010, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 672–680].
4. Chanturia, V.A., Minenko, V.G., Kaplin, A.I., Samusev, A.L., and Chanturia, E.L., “Electrochemical Water Preparation during Cu-Zn Ore Leaching,” Tsvet. Metally, 2011, no. 4.
5. Britvin, S.N., Bogdanova, A.N., Boldyreva, M.M., and Aksenova, G.Y., “Rudashevskyite, the Fe-Dominant Analogue of Sphalerite, A New Mineral: Description and Crystal Structure,” American Mineralogist, vol. 93, no. 5–6.

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